All about Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs: 2009–2020

Dubey, J. P.; Cerqueira‐Cézar, Camila K.; Murata, Fernando Henrique Antunes; Kwok, O. C. H.; Hill, Dolores E.; Yang, Yurong; Su, Chunlei

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109185

Cited by 56 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 220 publications

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“…Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, which infects virtually all warm-blooded species including human beings (Dubey et al 2020). Approximately one-third of the human population is considered to be infected by this protozoan parasite (Behnke et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The consumption of raw or undercooked meat products containing tissue cysts is considered one of the main routes of T. gondii transmission worldwide (Dubey 2010;Almeria and Dubey 2021). In this respect, pork is one of the major sources of human toxoplasmosis in some countries (Dubey et al 2020;Almeria and Dubey 2021). Public concerns associated with T. gondii clearly indicate the need for epidemiological investigation in animals that can be used as a source of food.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors in domestic pigs raised from Cuba

et al. 2021

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A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors in pigs in the largest pork-producing region in Cuba. Serum samples from 420 pigs, including 210 sows and 210 post-weaning pigs, were tested for antibodies against T. gondii using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected in 56 animals (13.3%, 95% CI: 10.1–16.6). A generalized estimating equations model revealed that the risk factors associated with higher seropositivity in pigs were altitude (higher in farm’s location < 250 m above sea level (masl) versus ≥ 250 masl) and age (higher in sows compared to post-weaning pigs). The results indicated that this protozoan parasite is widely distributed on pig farms in the study area, which is a public health concern since the consumption of raw or undercooked pork meat products containing tissue cysts is considered one of the main routes of T. gondii transmission worldwide. Control measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of exposure to T. gondii in pigs in Cuba.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors in domestic pigs raised from Cuba

et al. 2021

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“…Some sows may be culled due to decreased production efficiency after infection with T. gondii. Anti-T. gondii maternal antibodies could be transmitted through milk to the piglets and begin to decline and disappear after weaning (3-4 months) [8,9]. Low maternal antibodies in piglets indicated a low seroprevalence of T. gondii in sows.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in swine from central China after an outbreak of African swine fever

et al. 2021

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Toxoplasma gondii is widespread worldwide and can infect swine. This study evaluated the seroprevalence of T. gondii in swine from central China after an outbreak of African swine fever (ASF). A total of 2683 swine serum samples were collected from farms in four provinces. Of the serum samples, 1.42% (38/2683) (95% CI, 1.03–1.94) tested positive for T. gondii IgG antibody by a modified agglutination test (MAT) (cut-off: 1:25). Comparing with the results of previous studies, specifically our survey from before the outbreak, the seroprevalence of T. gondii in swine from central China was significantly decreased after the occurrence of ASF (OR = 7.679, 2015–2017 vs. 2019–2020). In general, the proportion of seropositive animals increased with the age of the swine, indicating post-natal transmission of T. gondii. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in seroprevalence between suckling pigs and weaned pigs (p < 0.05). This is the first large-scale investigation of T. gondii infection in swine after an ASF outbreak in China. The lower seroprevalence of T. gondii in swine after ASF may be due to stricter biosecurity measures on the farms, but results indicated swine exposure to zoonotic parasites despite these measures. This highlights that pigs must be considered a potential source of human T. gondii infections.

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“…Members of the Felidae, especially domestic cats, serve as the definitive hosts of the parasite, while humans, birds and other warm-blooded animals play a role as intermediate hosts in the transmission cycle [1]. Cats primarily become infected with T. gondii by eating tissues of intermediate hosts harbouring cysts, while food animals including chickens and pigs most commonly become infected by ingestion of oocysts from the environment contaminated with cat faeces [2,3]. Eating raw or undercooked meat containing tissue cysts, consuming water or food contaminated with oocysts from cat faeces, or inadvertently ingesting oocysts from the environment are the commonest routes for human infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surveys based upon seroprevalence using pigs and chickens indicate a high level of T . gondii occurrence [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], but population genetic data is scarce. In addition, there is a similar dearth of information regarding the T .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii circulating in free-range chickens, pigs and seropositive pregnant women in Benue state, Nigeria

et al. 2021

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Toxoplasma gondii parasites present strong but geographically varied signatures of population structure. Populations sampled from Europe and North America have commonly been defined by over-representation of a small number of clonal types, in contrast to greater diversity in South America. The occurrence and extent of genetic diversity in African T. gondii populations remains understudied, undermining assessments of risk and transmission. The present study was designed to establish the occurrence, genotype and phylogeny of T. gondii in meat samples collected from livestock produced for human consumption (free-range chickens, n = 173; pigs, n = 211), comparing with T. gondii detected in blood samples collected from seropositive pregnant women (n = 91) in Benue state, Nigeria. The presence of T. gondii DNA was determined using a published nested polymerase chain reaction, targeting the 529 bp multicopy gene element. Samples with the highest parasite load (assessed using quantitative PCR) were selected for PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) targeting the surface antigen 3 (SAG3), SAG2 (5’ and 3’), beta-tubulin (BTUB) and dense granule protein 6 (GRA6) loci, and the apicoplast genome (Apico). Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in all three of the populations sampled, presenting 30.6, 31.3 and 25.3% occurrence in free-range chickens, pigs and seropositive pregnant women, respectively. Quantitative-PCR indicated low parasite occurrence in most positive samples, limiting some further molecular analyses. PCR-RFLP results suggested that T. gondii circulating in the sampled populations presented with a type II genetic background, although all included a hybrid type I/II or II/III haplotype. Concatenation of aligned RFLP amplicon sequences revealed limited diversity with nine haplotypes and little indication of host species-specific or spatially distributed sub-populations. Samples collected from humans shared haplotypes with free-range chickens and/or pigs. Africa remains under-explored for T. gondii genetic diversity and this study provides the first detailed definition of haplotypes circulating in human and animal populations in Nigeria.

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All about Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs: 2009–2020

Cited by 56 publications

References 220 publications

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors in domestic pigs raised from Cuba

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors in domestic pigs raised from Cuba

Lower seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in swine from central China after an outbreak of African swine fever

Detection and genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii circulating in free-range chickens, pigs and seropositive pregnant women in Benue state, Nigeria

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