Alkylpyridines and Miscellaneous Organic Nitrogen Compounds

Abstract

This chapter covers additional aliphatic and aromatic compounds that contain one or more nitrogen atoms in their structures and follows those discussed in Chapter 59. Pyridine and its many modified structures are described because they serve as a backbone for many industrial compounds. Several pesticides and herbicides, as well as their precursors, are included: the pyridinethiones, the substituted uracils herbicides: bromacil, lenacil, terbacil; the quaternary herbicides: paraquat, diquat, and difenzoquat; the s ‐triazines: atrazine and propazine and other triazine herbicides, such as ametryn, prometryne, and simazine. Simple nitrogen compounds such as azides, nitrosamines, and hydrazines are described because of important toxicological effects they can produce. Finally, two important industrial solvents, dimethylacetamide and dimethylformamide are included because they have a long history of use and have been well studied in the occupational environment.

The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products.

“…Although several of the nitrogen mustards have medicinial tises as antineoplastic agents (12), they were never stockpiled as part of the U.S. CW inventory. Because these agents are not a significant part of the U.S. CW agent inventory, the), are not anticipated to be an environmental concern.…”

“…Removal of the alkyl group results in diethanolamine. The ethylenimonium intermediates are highly reactive and can alkylate biologic macromolecules (12).…”

“…For aquatic organisms, LC50 values of < 1 mg/L and < 0.1 mg/L are considered highly acutely and chronically toxic, respectively. The primary warfare agents of concern within the U.S. CW agent inventory include several vesicant or blister agents: sulfur mustards {undistilled sulfur mustard (H), sulfur mustard (HD), and an HD/ agent T mixture (HT)}; nitrogen mustards [ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN 1), methylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN2), tris(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN3)], and the organic arsenical Lewisite]; four nerve agents [VX, GA, GB, and soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate; GD)], and the blood agent cyanogen chloride (CK) [ Table 1 (2, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]]. The nitrogen mustards, GD nerve agent, and CK were not stockpiled as part of the U.S. chemical weapons inventory, and Lewisite and GA were produced in limited quantities in the United States.…”

2‐Aminopyridin [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2000]

“…Eine sofort entnommene Luftprobe zeigte eine 2-Aminopyridinkonzentration von 20 mg/m 3 (5,2 ml/m 3 ) (Watrous und Schulz 1950). In einem ähnlichen Fall wurden starke Kopfschmerzen, Schwäche, Krampfanfälle und mehrere Tage anhaltender Stupor beschrieben (Trochimowicz et al 1994).…”

“…Bei Mäusen wurde eine orale LD 50 von 50 mg/kg KG (Trochimowicz et al 1994), eine intraperitoneale von 35 mg/kg KG (Vohra et al 1965) und eine intravenöse von 23 mg/kg KG (Trochimowicz et al 1994) angegeben. Die dermale LD 50 betrug bei Meerschweinchen 500 mg/kg KG (Trochimowicz et al 1994 …”