Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds with Pentabromobenzyl Bromide and Tetrabromoxylene Dibromide as a New Route to High Molecular Weight Brominated Flame Retardants

Abstract

In the view of many national and international human health and environmental regulations, polymeric flame retardants are sustainable products. In this work, a series of high molecular weight and polymeric brominated flame retardants are synthesized by the alkylation of aromatic molecules or the alkylation of aromatic polymers with pentabromobenzyl bromide (PBBB) or tetrabromoxylylene dibromide (TBXDB). The flame retardants prepared via the alkylation of toluene or diphenylethane with PBBB were found to be not truly polymeric but had high Mw > 1400. However, the alkylation of the same aromatic molecules by a mixture of PBBB and TBXDP resulted in polymeric flame retardants with Mw > 130,000. Two other polymeric flame retardants were prepared by the alkylation of aromatic polymers (polyphenylene ether or polystyrene) with PBBB. It was found that the new flame retardants had a high bromine content of more than 68%. They showed high thermal stability with the onset of thermal decomposition above 360 °C and a maximum rate of weight loss at about 375–410 °C. The newly synthesized flame retardants were tested in different thermoplastics. Flame retardant efficiency and physical properties were comparable or better than the reference commercial flame retardants.

Post-functionalization of Ether-linked Polymer via the Application of Ullmann-coupling Reaction: Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Degradation Kinetics

“…When the LOI value exceeds 28, then the polymer is considered as a good flame-retardant candidate. Examples on these polymers include poly(brominated) polymers, poly(ether-amine), poly(aminopyridines), poly(ether-sulfone), poly-(ether-imide), poly(imnies) with LOI values of 49, 33, 32, 35, 46 and 32, respectively [10][11][12][13] . The high LOI values support the fact that the incorporation of halogens or heterocycles within an ether-linked chain improves the thermal stability and the flame-retardancy of polymers.…”