Alkyl-phenanthrenes in early life stage fish: differential toxicity in Atlantic haddock (<i>Melanogrammus aeglefinus</i>) embryos

Donald, Carey E.; Nakken, Charlotte L; Sørhus, Elin; Perrichon, Prescilla; Jørgensen, Kåre B.; Bjelland, Hege K; Stølen, Christine; Kancherla, Sindhu; Mayer, Philipp; Meier, Sonnich

doi:10.1039/d2em00357k

Cited by 6 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(154 reference statements)

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“…Previous studies investigating AhR‐mediated responses in cell‐based assays or embryotoxicity assays reported that alkylation can have position‐dependent effects on potency of PAHs within a species (Barron et al, 2004; Donald et al, 2023; Dubiel et al, 2022; Fang et al, 2022; Lille‐Langøy et al, 2021; Lin et al, 2015). However, no study to date has investigated whether effects of alkylation on potency are conserved across species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, consistent with TCDD, the AhR2 of lake trout was the most sensitive to activation by 7,12-DMBAA, and the AhR2 of northern pike was the least sensitive to activation by each PAH and TCDD. Previous studies investigating AhR-mediated responses in cell-based assays or embryotoxicity assays reported that alkylation can have position-dependent effects on potency of PAHs within a species (Barron et al, 2004;Donald et al, 2023;Dubiel et al, 2022;Fang et al, 2022;Lille-Langøy et al, 2021;Lin et al, 2015). However, no study to date has investigated whether effects of alkylation on potency are conserved across species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Alkylation on Potency of Benz[a]anthracene for AhR2 Transactivation in Nine Species of Freshwater Fish

Dubiel

Johnson

Eriksson

et al. 2023

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are naturally occurring or anthropogenic organic chemicals that can activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AhR2) and induce toxicity in fishes. Alkyl PAHs are more abundant than nonalkylated PAHs in certain environmental matrices and there is growing evidence that alkylation can increase potency, dependent on the position of alkylation. However, it is unknown if the effect of alkylation on potency is conserved across species. In addition, relatively little is known regarding the extent of interspecies variation in sensitivity to PAHs and alkyl PAHs. Therefore, objectives of the present study were to characterize potency of benz[a]anthracene (BAA) and three alkylated homologues representing different alkylation positions in nine phylogenetically diverse species of fish using a standardized in vitro AhR2 transactivation assay. BAA and each alkylated homologue activated the AhR2 in a concentrationdependent manner in each species. Position-dependent effects on potency were observed in every species, but these effects were not consistent across species. Interspecies variation in sensitivity to AhR2 activation by each PAH was observed and ranged by up to 561-fold. Alkylation both increased and decreased the range of interspecies variation and sensitivity, but the potency of each alkylated homologue relative to BAA ranged by less than an order of magnitude among species. These results represent an early step toward the consideration of alkylated homologues for more objective ecological risk assessments of PAHs to native fishes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Alkylation on Potency of Benz[a]anthracene for AhR2 Transactivation in Nine Species of Freshwater Fish

Dubiel

Johnson

Eriksson

et al. 2023

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…using an Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph/7010c triple quadrupole mass detector. The average mass of one haddock egg, 2.18 mg, was used to convert tissue content samples to a wet weight basis (see discussion in Results and Discussion section).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, phenanthrene is a major contributor to tissue burden in fish exposed to moderately weathered oil, along with alkylated PAHs which dominate in petroleum sources . Finally, there is a discrepancy in the potency of phenanthrene when it is administered individually compared to the summed levels of PAHs purported to cause toxicity in crude oil. , PAHs make up less than 2% of crude oil by weight. , If 3-ringed PAHs and alkylated PAHs should continue to be considered the main toxicants in oil, then synergistic effects are needed to account for the discrepancy between effect doses. In this work, a synergistic effect is defined as mixture toxicity that exceeds the expected effect based on concentration additivity. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-Exposure of Phenanthrene and the cyp-Inducer 3-Methylchrysene Leads to Altered Biotransformation and Increased Toxicity in Fish Egg and Larvae

Donald

Sørhus

Perrichon

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have frequently been suspected of governing crude oil toxicity because of similar morphological defects in fish. However, PAH concentrations are often not high enough to explain the observed crude oil toxicity. We hypothesize that one PAH can enhance the metabolism and toxicity of another PAH when administered as a mixture. Early life stage Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) were in this study exposed to phenanthrene in the presence and absence of 3-methylchrysene that is known to induce the metabolic enzyme cytochrome P450 1A via cyp1a gene expression. Uptake, metabolism, and multiple toxicity endpoints were then measured in a time-course study up to 3 days post-hatching. Passive dosing provided aqueous concentrations ≈180 μg/L for phenanthrene and ≈0.6 μg/L for 3-methylchrysene, which resulted in tissue concentrations ≈60 μg/g ww for phenanthrene and ≈0.15 μg/g ww for 3-methylchrysene. The low concentration of 3-methylchrysene led to the elevated expression of cyp1a but no toxicity. Levels of phenanthrene metabolites were 5-fold higher, and morphological defects and cardiotoxicity were consistently greater when co-exposed to both compounds relative to phenanthrene alone. This work highlights the metabolic activation of PAH toxicity by a co-occurring PAH, which can lead to excess toxicity, synergistic effects, and the overproportional contribution of PAHs to crude oil toxicity.

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Cardiac toxicity of phenanthrene depends on developmental stage in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Sørhus

Nakken

Donald

et al. 2023

Science of The Total Environment

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Alkyl-phenanthrenes in early life stage fish: differential toxicity in Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos

Abstract: Comparative developmental toxicity at the limit of solubility appears unrelated to the position of alkyl substitution. Toxic effects are like crude oil exposures, however much higher doses of the individual compounds are needed.

Cited by 6 publications

References 61 publications

Effects of Alkylation on Potency of Benz[a]anthracene for AhR2 Transactivation in Nine Species of Freshwater Fish

Effects of Alkylation on Potency of Benz[a]anthracene for AhR2 Transactivation in Nine Species of Freshwater Fish

Co-Exposure of Phenanthrene and the cyp-Inducer 3-Methylchrysene Leads to Altered Biotransformation and Increased Toxicity in Fish Egg and Larvae

Cardiac toxicity of phenanthrene depends on developmental stage in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

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