Alkanolamide as an accelerator, filler-dispersant and a plasticizer in silica-filled natural rubber compounds

Surya, Indra; Ismail, Hanafi; Azura, A. R.

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.07.015

Cited by 89 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The ALK enhanced the mechanical properties of the silica-filled NR vulcanisates [5]. The enhancement of the properties was attributed to the improvement of silica dispersion and the excelling crosslink density that stemmed from the incorporation of ALK.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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The effects of the addition of alkanolamide on carbon blacks filled natural rubber compounds

Surya

Ginting

Ismail

2017

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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View the article online for updates and enhancements. Related contentThe effect of alkanolamide addition on cure and tensile properties of unfilled natural rubber compounds I Surya, SF Siregar and H Ismail Abstract. The effects of the addition of alkanolamide (ALK) on cure characteristics and filler dispersion of the two types of carbon black (CB) filled natural rubber (NR) compounds were investigated. The N-550 and N-220 types of CB were utilised, and each of them was incorporated separately into NR compound with a fixed loading, 30.0 phr. The ALK was synthesized from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin and diethanolamine; and incorporated into the CB filled NR compounds as an additive ingredient. The ALK loadings were 3.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 phr. It was found that ALK could function as a secondary accelerator and also an internal plasticiser. As a secondary accelerator; ALK decreased the scorch and cure times of the N-550 and N-220 CBs filled NR compounds. The higher the ALK loading, the shorter the scorch and cure times. As an internal plasticiser; ALK decreased the minimum torque and improved the dispersions of both types of CB in NR phases. At a similar ALK loading; N-220 exhibited higher cure rate, minimum and maximum torques and torque difference values. However, degree of filler dispersion of N-220 was poorer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Table 2 shows that the additions of 3.0 phr of ALK decreased the minimum torques (ML) of both control compounds. The ML value is used to measure of the viscosity of a rubber compound ( [5].…”

Section: Cure Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of the addition of alkanolamide on carbon blacks filled natural rubber compounds

Surya

Ginting

Ismail

2017

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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“…The minimum torque (ML) indicates the compound's viscosity level (Surya et al, 2013). The difference in MH and ML values (ΔM=MH-ML) is a slide modulus which indirectly represents crosslink density.…”

Section: Cure Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The minimum elastic torque (S'ML) is commonly considered as a representative of uncured stock's elastic modulus and provides valuable information about the processability of a compound (Nabil et al, 2013). S'ML is also a measure of stock viscosity (Surya et al, 2013).…”

Section: Cure Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blends of nitrile butadiene rubber/poly (vinyl chloride): The use of maleated anhydride castor oil based plasticizer

Dewi¹,

Indrajati²,

Setyorini³

2016

MKKP

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Recently, much attention has been focused on research to replace petroleum-based plasticizers, with biodegradable materials, such as biopolymer which offers competitive mechanical properties. In this study, castor oil was modified with maleic anhydride (MAH) to produce bioplasticizer named maleated anhydride castor oil (MACO), and used in nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/poly vinyl chloride (PVC) blend. The effect of MACO on its cure characteristics and mechanical properties of NBR/PVC blend has been determined. The reactions were carried out at different castor oil (CO)/xylene ratios, i.e. 1:0 and 1:1 by weight, and fixed CO/MAH ratio, 1:3 by mole. DOP, CO, and MACO were added into each NBR/PVC blend according to the formula. It was found that the viscosity and safe process level of NBR/PVC blend is similar from all plasticizer, however, MACO (1:0) showed the highest cure rate index (CRI). MACO-based plasticizer gave a higher value of the mechanical properties of the NBR/PVC blend as compared to DOP based plasticizer. MACO (1:1) based plasticizer showed a rather significance performance compared to another type of plasticizers both before and after aging. The value of hardness, elongation at break, tensile strength, and tear strength were 96 Shore A, 155.91 %, 19.15 MPa, and 74.47 MPa, respectively. From this result, NBR/PVC blends based on MACO plasticizer can potentially replace the DOP, and therefore, making the rubber blends eco-friendly.

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“…The fracture surfaces of the compounds with MZ and MZD demonstrate rougher surface profiles with broader deformation bands. A rougher fracture surface with ridges and valleys as well as a greater amount of matrix tearing or a greater number of tearing lines requires a higher energy to fail, which is contributed by better tear performance [23,24]. Thus, the rough tear surfaces of the compounds with MZ and MZD represent more effective crack blunting on tear paths, in contrast to the sharp and straight tear propagation in the compound with MD.…”

Section: Tear Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of accelerators on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber compounds

Ahsan¹,

Mohamad²,

Soh³

2015

Int. J. Automot. Mech. Eng.

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The effects of different accelerators on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of sulphur-cured natural rubber (NR)-based compounds are investigated. Three accelerator systems, with mercaptobenzothiazole disulphide (MBTS) as primary accelerator and diphenylguanidine (DPG) and Zn-2-mercaptobenzothiazole (ZMBT) as secondary accelerators, were incorporated into a premixed NR compound referred to an industrially used rubber mat formulation by using the melt mixing method. The cure characteristics, rubber crosslink density and mechanical properties were the focus in the present study. It is observed that the synergistic effect of the MBTS/DPG combination imparts the shortest scorch time, highest cure rate and highest crosslink density compared with the MBTS/ZMBT and MBTS/ZMBT/DPG combinations. Mechanical tests indicate that the tensile strength and modulus of MBTS/DPG are enhanced owing to improved cure activation in initiating sulphuric crosslinking, but the tear strength is decreased compared with the others. This study demonstrates that the MBTS/ZMBT/DPG system is the most effective in enhancing tear strength by 4.5 % compared with MBTS/DPG system, as well as other mechanical properties. Analyses on tear behaviours and scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of the fractured surfaces of tear test samples correspond well with the results of tear strength.

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Alkanolamide as an accelerator, filler-dispersant and a plasticizer in silica-filled natural rubber compounds

Cited by 89 publications

References 20 publications

The effects of the addition of alkanolamide on carbon blacks filled natural rubber compounds

The effects of the addition of alkanolamide on carbon blacks filled natural rubber compounds

Blends of nitrile butadiene rubber/poly (vinyl chloride): The use of maleated anhydride castor oil based plasticizer

Effects of accelerators on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber compounds

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