“…Among the alkylamides, spilanthol ((E, E, Z)-2,6,8-decatrienoic acid N-isobutylamide) is considered to be the most potent bioactive compound found in A. oleracea . First identified by Gerber in 1903 as identical to affinin 1, spilanthol has been mostly found in Acmella flowers, leaves, and stems [ 4 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], but also in roots [ 17 , 18 ], and its accumulation in in vitro cell cultures has been documented [ 2 , 3 ]. Due to its pharmacological importance, based on a series of effects typical of alkylamides, such as analgesic, neuroprotective, antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-larvicidal, and insecticidal activities [ 19 ], many protocols for spilanthol production and extraction have been developed (see [ 19 ] for a review; [ 20 ]).…”