Alkaline phosphatase expression in ascidian egg fragments and andromerogons

Bates, William; Jeffery, William R.

doi:10.1016/0012-1606(87)90043-1

Cited by 42 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…AP activity, an autonomous feature of the endoderm lineage in ascidian embryos, is first detected at the early tailbud stage in B. villosa (our observations) and H. roretzi (Nishida and Kumano 1997). AP expression requires both maternal and zygotic factors (Whittaker 1977;Bates and Jeffery 1987). Embryos were arrested as gastrulae, cultured until the controls hatched and then tested for the expression of AP.…”

Section: Hsp90 Function Is Required For Morphogenesis Of Ascidian Embmentioning

confidence: 90%

HSP90 function is required for morphogenesis in ascidian and echinoid embryos

2002

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Treatment of embryos of the ascidians Boltenia villosa and Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus with the anti-HSP90 drugs geldanamycin and radicicol caused morphogenetic arrest. All embryonic stages during which obvious morphogenesis was observed were sensitive to treatment, including formation of the sea urchin blastular epithelium. Arrested embryos were viable for many hours to days post-treatment, indicating a low general toxicity of these drugs. Morphogenetic movements including gastrulation and migration (but not ingression) of sea urchin primary and secondary mesenchyme cells were arrested 8-10 h after treatment began. Cell division and developmentally regulated expression of some genes continued after morphogenesis was arrested. Anti-HSP90 drugs cause selective inactivation or degradation of proteins with which the protein chaperone HSP90 interacts. Therefore, morphogenetic arrest subsequent to the disruption of HSP90 function may result from the reduction in concentration, or activity, of client proteins required for morphogenetic movements of cells. The use of these drugs may provide a means to identify novel activities or proteins involved in morphogenesis.

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Section: Hsp90 Function Is Required For Morphogenesis Of Ascidian Embmentioning

confidence: 90%

HSP90 function is required for morphogenesis in ascidian and echinoid embryos

2002

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“…Alkaline phosphatase activity was detected using the BCIP method, as previously described by Bates and Jeffery (1987).…”

Section: Detection Of Alkaline Phosphatase Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular Features of an Apoptotic Form of Programmed Cell Death during the Development of the Ascidian, Boltenia villosa

Bates¹

2004

Zoological Science

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“…To prepare material for immunoblotting, 20 zygotes were manually dechorionated using steel insect pins (Elephant brand #2 or #3) mounted on Pasteur pipettes, as described by Bates and Jeffery (1987) and then transferred to a separate Syracuse dish. After verifying that no test cells were transferred, the dechorionated zygotes were placed in microfuge tubes and processed as above.…”

Section: Microsurgical Manipulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HSP90 expression in two migratory cell types during ascidian development: test cells deposit HSP90 on the larval tunic

Bishop

Hall²,

Bates³

2010

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone that controls the folding, assembly and activity of proteins, many of which are involved in signal transduction. Recent work has shown that HSP90 is present extracellularly, indicating a heretofore under appreciated requirement for extracellular chaperoning, particularly among migratory cells. We applied immunological and surgical techniques to document the differential expression of HSP90 during ascidian development. Relative to other cell types during development, test cells and trunk lateral cells (TLCs), two migratory cell types in the ascidian Boltenia villosa, express elevated levels of HSP90. Late in embryogenesis, test cells deposit HSP90 onto the tunic, the second report of extracellular HSP90 during animal development. The pyurid ascidian Halocynthia igaboja and the styelids Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis and Botrylloides violaceus all express HSP90 at elevated levels in larval mesenchyme, suggesting that this pattern of expression is widespread in the Ascidiaceae. We show that HSP90 expression in TLCs and test cells is coincident with the presence of HNK-1. Whereas in B. violaceous, cell populations expressing elevated levels of HSP90 are distinct from those expressing HNK-1, in B. villosa both these antigens are present in the TLCs. We evaluate existing hypotheses about test cell function and, in reference to the similarities between test cells and some of the descendants of TLCs, hypothesize that test cells are TLC descendants. Implications for the proposed evolutionary relationship between TLCs and neural crest are briefly discussed. KEY WORDS: HSP90, test cells, TLC, ascidianAmong marine invertebrates, ascidians are unique in both their mode of larval locomotion and their possession of a protective extracellular matrix, the tunic. The tunic is composed of carbohydrate polymers and proteins that interact extensively (Smith and Dehnel, 1970). In adult and larval stages of ascidians, the tunic is secreted by epidermal cells (Wardrop 1970;Robinson et al., 1986). In embryos and larvae the tunic appears to require the presence of test cells, a third unique characteristic of ascidian embryos.Test cells are extraembryonic migratory cells that reside between the embryo and the follicular envelope of almost all ascidian embryos. The rarity of test cell analogues in the animal kingdom is conspicuous and the ontogenetic origin and function of test cells remains enigmatic. Test cells are thought by some authors to derive from the inner follicular envelope, which, in turn, arises from the germinal epithelium (Cloney, 1994 and references Int. J. Dev. Biol. 54: 1337-1346 (2010) doi: 10.1387/ijdb.082730cb Abbreviations used in this paper: HNK-1, human natural killer antigen 1; HSP90, heat shock protein 90; TLCs, trunk lateral cells. therein). Another hypothesis is that test cells derive from migratory amoeboid or lymphocyte cells that differentiate into test cells and become preferentially associated with developing oocytes (Clon...

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Alkaline phosphatase expression in ascidian egg fragments and andromerogons

Cited by 42 publications

References 16 publications

HSP90 function is required for morphogenesis in ascidian and echinoid embryos

HSP90 function is required for morphogenesis in ascidian and echinoid embryos

Cellular Features of an Apoptotic Form of Programmed Cell Death during the Development of the Ascidian, Boltenia villosa

HSP90 expression in two migratory cell types during ascidian development: test cells deposit HSP90 on the larval tunic

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