Alisma plantago-aquatica L.: the cytoskeleton of the suspensor development

Abstract

The actin and the tubulin cytoskeleton organization during the differentiation of the embryo-suspensor in Alisma plantago-aquatica was studied in comparison with the development of embryo, using immunofluorescence detection and rhodamine-phalloidin assay. At the early stage of the suspensor basal cell development (from 2-to ~10-celled embryos) microfilaments form an abundant network in the cytoplasm of the basal cell, while the microtubules form a delicate network. At the mature stage of development (from a dozen to several dozen-celled embryos), in the suspensor basal cell, the microfilaments and microtubules were localized from micropylar to chalazal pole of the cell. At the micropylar end of the basal cell a high amount of actin and tubulin material was observed. The microfilaments were mainly arranged parallel whereas numerous bundles of microtubules distributed longitudinally or transversally to the long axis of the cell. At this stage of basal cell functioning, some bundles of microtubules appeared to pass close to the nucleus surface. Microtubules were also observed distributed at the chalazal pole of the basal cell. At the senescence stage of the suspensor basal cell (>100-celled embryos) the actin and tubulin filaments disorganize, some disrupted microfilaments and microtubules were observed in the cytoplasm of the basal cell. At all stages of the suspensor basal cell development in the embryo cells an extensive actin and tubulin network was observed.

Endoreplication and its consequences in the suspensor of Pisum sativum

“…A vast number of studies confirm the relationship between high ploidy of nuclei and the volume of the suspensor equipped with transfer walls and involved in the absorption of nutrients from the endosperm. A similar correlation was also observed in endosperm, in which highly polyploid nuclei are usually at the chalazal pole, in the place where many wall ingrowths are engaged in the absorption of nutrients from seed integuments (Brady 1973; Bohdanowicz 1997; Łuszczek et al 2000; Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno et al 2002, 2007; Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno and Bohdanowicz 2003; Świerczyńska and Bohdanowicz 2014; Henry and Goldberg 2015). In the four-celled suspensor of P. sativum , wall ingrowths are present on its whole surface, which maintains contact with the endosperm (Marinos 1970a, b).…”

“…An increase in DNA content (via endocycles) may significantly enhance transcription and improve cell metabolism due to gene multiplication (Świerczyńska and Bohdanowicz 2014; Henry and Goldberg 2015). As it was demonstrated in the current study, the increase in DNA content in P. sativum var.…”

Development of Embryo Suspensors for Five Genera of Crassulaceae with Special Emphasis on Plasmodesmata Distribution and Ultrastructure

“…The cytoskeleton plays an important role in many cellular processes, for example cellular signaling, organelle motility and subcellular compartmentation during plant growth and development [55,56]. To date, only a few studies have been reported on the cytoskeleton during the formation, development and differentiation of polyploid cells of embryo-suspensor in: Sedum acre [23], Alisma plantago-aquatica [57] and Gagea lutea (L.) Ker Gawl., [58]. In all of the above species, the authors have shown the presence of an abundant actin and tubulin cytoskeleton in endopolyploid suspensor basal cells.…”