Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor air

Hung, I-Fu; Fang, Hsin-Fa; Lee, Tung-San

doi:10.1007/bf00199077

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The PAHs compared in this table include benzo(e)pyrene and the 16 PAHs that are designated by the U.S. EPA as priority pollutants and are often measured in environmental samples. The indoor NAP concentrations in this study are similar to those reported in North Carolina, the United States, 13 and Canada, 49 but are lower than those from homes in Taiwan 52 and China. 23 Concentrations of other PAHs, especially those with 4 or more aromatic rings, were much lower in this study than in other published studies, including wood-burning and reference homes in Sweden, 53 low-income homes and daycare centers in North Carolina, USA, 13,22 and homes in Canada, 49 Taiwan 52 and China.…”

Section: Pahs In Personal Air Samplessupporting

confidence: 79%

Assessment of non-occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through personal air sampling and urinary biomonitoring

Mulholland

Romanoff

et al. 2010

J. Environ. Monit.

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Non-occupational inhalation and ingestion exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been studied in 8 non-smoking volunteers through personal air sampling and urinary biomonitoring. The study period was divided into 4 segments (2 days/segment), including weekdays with regular commute and weekends with limited traffic related exposures; each segment had a high or low PAH diet. Personal air samples were collected continuously from the subjects while at home, at work, and while commuting to and from work. All urine excretions were collected as individual samples during the study. In personal air samples, 28 PAHs were measured, and in urine samples 9 mono-hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PAHs) from 4 parent PAHs (naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene) were measured. Naphthalene was found at higher concentrations in air samples collected at the subjects' residences, whereas PAHs with four or more aromatic rings were found at higher levels in samples taken while commuting. Urinary OH-PAH biomarker levels increased following reported high inhalation and/or dietary exposure. On days with a low PAH diet, the total amount of inhaled naphthalene during each 24-hour period was well correlated with the amount of excreted naphthols, as was, to a lesser extent, fluorene with its urinary metabolites. During days with a high dietary intake, only naphthalene was significantly correlated with its excreted metabolite. These findings suggest that this group of non-occupational subjects were exposed to naphthalene primarily through indoor air inhalation, and exposed to other PAHs such as pyrene mainly through ingestion.

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Section: Pahs In Personal Air Samplessupporting

confidence: 79%

Assessment of non-occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through personal air sampling and urinary biomonitoring

Mulholland

Romanoff

et al. 2010

J. Environ. Monit.

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“…Over the past years several analytical methods for the determination of either 1-naphthol or 2-naphthol, or even both together, in human or animal urine have been developed. Apart from one method that used thin-layer chromatography (Bieniek and Wilczok 1986), the techniques were based on high-pressure liquid chromatography (Elovaara et al 2003;Hansen et al 1992a;Kim et al 1999Kim et al , 2001Lee et al 2001;Massey et al 1995;Thompson et al 1996) and gas chromatography (Bieniek 1996(Bieniek , 1997(Bieniek , 1998Bouchard et al 2001;Hill et al 1995b;Hung et al 1992;Jansen et al 1995;Keimig and Morgan 1986;Kilanowicz et al 1999;Serdar et al 2003;Smith et al 2002;Yang et al 1999).…”

Section: Occupational Exposure To Naphthalenementioning

confidence: 99%

Naphthalene?an environmental and occupational toxicant

Preuss

Angerer

Drexler

2003

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

277

149

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For many years naphthalene had been considered as a non-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Airborne naphthalene concentrations have always been observed to be below the limit values of various national committees, such as the threshold limit value (TLV) of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the MAK of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (10 ppm). Since 2000, when the US National Toxicology Program revealed clear evidence of the carcinogenic activity of naphthalene in rats, international agencies [the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), DFG] have reclassified naphthalene as a potential human carcinogen, and the European Union (EU) is currently preparing a new risk assessment report. It is presently unknown how to protect humans from health risks resulting from occupational and environmental naphthalene exposure. Knowledge about the external and internal exposure of humans serves as the key determinant in a comprehensive risk assessment. We review here ambient monitoring studies concerning the external naphthalene exposure that results from ubiquitous environmental sources (indoor and outdoor air, water, soil, food) and from a variety of critical workplaces (coking plants, creosote impregnation, distillation of coal tar and naphthalene, manufacture of refractories, graphite electrodes, aluminium and mothballs). Based on results of ambient monitoring studies published so far, a new hygiene-based exposure limit of 1.5 mg naphthalene per cubic metre of air (0.3 ppm) is proposed. Furthermore, results from biological monitoring studies are summarised in this article. The internal burden was almost exclusively determined by means of the urinary metabolites 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol, but it is currently not possible for one to evaluate a biological tolerance level (BAT) or a biological exposure index (BEI). Based on the toxicokinetics and metabolism of naphthalene, the central question on its carcinogenicity is briefly sketched. Naphthoquinones play an important role in this context. Their adducts with macromolecules may be the parameters of choice for the estimation of effects to human health.

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“…Hexadecane in the atmosphere has been collected on activated charcoal, desorbed with trichlorofluoromethane, and analyzed by GC-MS (302,314). It may be measured in water by isotope dilution GC-MS (EPA method 1625) (273).…”

Section: Air/watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Carreón¹,

Herrick²

2012

Patty's Toxicology

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Aliphatic hydrocarbons are open‐chain compounds that may be saturated or unsaturated. The saturated compounds, known as paraffin hydrocarbons or alkanes , include methane and its homologs having the empirical formula C n H 2 n +2 . The unsaturated compounds fall into a number of homologous series: ( 1 ) those containing one double bond (ethylene and its homologs) and having the formula C n H 2 n are known as olefins or alkenes ; ( 2 ) those containing one triple bond (acetylene and its homologs) are called acetylenes or alkynes and have the formula C n H 2 n −2 ; ( 3 ) those having two double bonds (allene, 1,3‐butadiene and 1,4‐pentadiene represent three types) are diolefins or alkadienes and also have the formula C n H 2 n −2 ; ( 4 ) those having a large number of double or triple bonds or both double and triple bonds are named in analogous fashion as alkatrienes , alkatetraenes , alkadiynes , alkenynes , and alkadienynes . Aliphatic hydrocarbons are asphyxiants and central nervous system ( CNS ) depressants. Serious toxic effects of aliphatic hydrocarbons include asphyxia and chemical pneumonitis for many paraffins, axonal neuropathy for n ‐hexane, and cancer for 1,3‐butadiene.

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Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor air

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Assessment of non-occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through personal air sampling and urinary biomonitoring

Assessment of non-occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through personal air sampling and urinary biomonitoring

Naphthalene?an environmental and occupational toxicant

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

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