Aliphatic and aromatic halocarbons as potential mutagens in drinking water

Abstract

Chlorinated phenols are either products of industrial chemical processes or the result of chlorination of drinking water. Often, the formation of chlorinated phenols is based upon naturally occurring phenol. The following chlorinated phenols have been selected for testing in the Ames-test for their mutagenic activity: 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,3,6-, 2,4,5-, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 4-chloro-2-methylphenol and 4-chloro-3-methylchlorophenol. The tester strains TA97, TA98, TA100 and TA104 were employed. All tested compounds produced mutagenic activity at least in one tester strain. The highest numbers of revertants were detected for 2,3,6-and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. But in contrast to the other substances, these two induced only frameshift mutations in presence of a metabolizing system. The evidence of their presence in drinking water and of their mutagenic activity makes them to a potential health hazard.

Luminescent threat: toxicity of light stick attractors used in pelagic fishery

“…The genotoxicity of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol has also been evaluated in various in vitro and in vivo systems. Mutagenic responses were verified in different Salmonella Typhimurium strains (5 or 25 µg/mL, in the presence of S9) and in the tk locus of mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells (80 µg/mL, without S9)1920. Additionally, chromosomal aberrations, aneuploidy, and micronucleus induction were detected in Chinese hamster lung V79 cells (30 or 400 µg/mL, without S9)2122.…”

Properties and hazards of 108 selected substances

“…TWA: no value set [1] STEL: no value set [1] CL: unknown IDLH: unknown Peak: unknown Odor threshold: 0.1 mg/kg in water [104] Carcinogenicity: unknown Mutagenicity: probable [58] Exposure: Unknown [106] [49] [22] [104] [10], [51], [106], [105] [49], [7] [107], [48], [32] [56] [107] [105], [49], [106] [10] [104], [7] [108], [48] [51], [32] [ [51], [108], [7] [107], [32] [32] Relative dielectric permittivity: 12 187.2°C [105], [107], [10], [108], [49], [22] [104], [8] [31] [21], [24] [31] [41] [41] [24] [41] [13], [8] [112] [112] Clay-organic interaction data: Unknown.…”

“…TWA: no value set [1] STEL: no value set [1] CL: unknown IDLH: unknown Peak: unknown Odor threshold: 0.0001-0.0003 ppm (0.0010-0.0021 mg/m3 ) [104] Carcinogenicity: results positive in mice and rats [51], [56] limited human evidence [55] Mutagenicity: indefinite [99] positive [37], [58] Exposure: Unknown Vinyl chloride C2H3C1 GAS RN: [22] [106], [105], [108] [107]…”

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon Using Pinecone (Conifer Cone) to Remove Phenol from Wastewater

“…2023, 59, 76 2 of 9 stringent standards on the discharge of phenol-contaminated effluents [4,5]. In recent times, the chlorination of municipal drinking water has raised concerns regarding the presence of phenols [6].…”