ALIMENTARY TRACT ABSORPTION (f 1 VALUES) FOR RADIONUCLIDES IN LOCAL AND REGIONAL FALLOUT FROM NUCLEAR TESTS

Ibrahim, Shawki A.; Simon, Steven L.; Bouville, André; Melo, Dunstana R.; Beck, Harold L.

doi:10.1097/hp.0b013e3181b186ff

Cited by 13 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Estimation of doses from the acute intakes used dose coefficients as described that were derived from accepted international biokinetic models and adjusted for f1 values specific for radionuclides ingested in fallout particles (see Ibrahim et al 2010). Annual doses from acute intakes at each atoll varied primarily according to the amount of deposition from the tests conducted in a given year.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The only parameter values that have been changed are those of the alimentary tract absorption fractions (f 1 ), which have been taken from the review by Ibrahim et al (2010), that are specifically related to the intakes of radionuclides in particulate fallout. An established computer code (Eckerman et al 2006) was used to solve the ICRP biokinetic models and to provide annual dose coefficients for all organs and age groups.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in that analysis, many simplifying assumptions were made and the dose estimates were conservative so as not to underestimate the cancer risks. This publication and its companion papers (Ibrahim et al 2010 ; Beck et al 2010 ; Bouville et al 2010 ; Moroz et al 2010 ; Harris et al 2010 ; Land et al 2010) provide a comprehensive description of an improved analysis and provide complete descriptions of methodologies used, as well as the findings. Simon et al (2010) summarizes the main findings of all these papers and also provides tables of relevant data on tests, radionuclides, etc., used in all the papers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute and Chronic Intakes of Fallout Radionuclides by Marshallese From Nuclear Weapons Testing at Bikini and Enewetak and Related Internal Radiation Doses

Simon¹,

Bouville²,

Melo³

et al. 2010

Health Physics

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Annual internal radiation doses resulting from both acute and chronic intakes of all important dose-contributing radionuclides occurring in fallout from nuclear weapons testing at Bikini and Enewetak from 1946 through 1958 have been estimated for the residents living on all atolls and separate reef islands of the Marshall Islands. Internal radiation absorbed doses to the tissues most at risk to cancer induction (red bone marrow, thyroid, stomach, and colon) have been estimated for representative persons of all population communities for all birth years from 1929 through 1968, and for all years of exposure from 1948 through 1970. The acute intake estimates rely on a model using, as its basis, historical urine bioassay data, for members of the Rongelap Island and Ailinginae communities as well as for Rongerik residents. The model also utilizes fallout times of arrival and radionuclide deposition densities estimated for all tests and all atolls. Acute intakes of 63 radionuclides were estimated for the populations of the 20 inhabited atolls and for the communities that were relocated during the testing years for reasons of safety and decontamination. The model used for chronic intake estimates is based on reported whole-body, urine, and blood counting data for residents of Utrik and Rongelap. Dose conversion coefficients relating intake to organ absorbed dose were developed using internationally accepted models but specifically tailored for intakes of particulate fallout by consideration of literature-based evidence to choose the most appropriate alimentary tract absorption fraction (f1) values. Dose estimates were much higher for the thyroid gland than for red marrow, stomach wall, or colon. The highest thyroid doses to adults were about 7,600 mGy for the people exposed on Rongelap; thyroid doses to adults were much lower, by a factor of 100 or more, for the people exposed on the populated atolls of Kwajalein and Majuro. The estimates of radionuclide intake and internal radiation dose to the Marshallese that are presented in this paper are the most complete available anywhere and were used to make projections of lifetime cancer risks to the exposed populations, which are presented in a companion paper in this volume.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute and Chronic Intakes of Fallout Radionuclides by Marshallese From Nuclear Weapons Testing at Bikini and Enewetak and Related Internal Radiation Doses

Simon¹,

Bouville²,

Melo³

et al. 2010

Health Physics

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“…The methods used in this study for estimating acute intakes of fallout radionuclides and resulting doses are based on: (1) the estimates of test-, atoll-, and radionuclide-specific deposition densities discussed in Beck et al (2010); (2) historical measurements of 131I in pooled samples of urine collected from adults about two weeks after the Bravo test (Harris 1954; Harris et al 2010); and (3) assessment of appropriate values of gastrointestinal uptake for the radionuclides present in fallout particles (Ibrahim et al 2010). The assessment of internal doses was composed of the following six steps: (1) estimation of the intake of 131I by populations on Rongelap, Ailinginae, and Rongerik, following the Bravo test using historical bioassay data; (2) estimation of the intake of 137Cs at the same three atolls based on the ratios of 137Cs to 131I calculated by Hicks (1981, 1984) but corrected for fractionation; (3) estimation of the deposition density of 137Cs following each of 20 tests on all inhabited atolls; (4) estimation of the intake of 137Cs at all inhabited atolls assuming that the ratio of intake to deposition was the same at all atolls; (5) estimation of intakes of all radionuclides considered at all inhabited atolls following each nuclear test; and (6) estimation of annual and cumulative radiation absorbed doses to four organs (RBM, thyroid, stomach, colon) of representative persons for all relevant birth years.…”

Section: Summary Of Methods and Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…bioassay data important to internal dose estimation (Harris et al 2010) and interpretation of intake-related dosimetric factors (Ibrahim et al 2010); and…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation Doses and Cancer Risks in the Marshall Islands Associated With Exposure to Radioactive Fallout From Bikini and Enewetak Nuclear Weapons Tests: Summary

Simon¹,

Bouville²,

Land³

et al. 2010

Health Physics

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Nuclear weapons testing conducted at Bikini and Enewetak Atolls during 1946–1958 resulted in exposures of the resident population of the present-day Republic of the Marshall Islands to radioactive fallout. This paper summarizes the results of a thorough and systematic reconstruction of radiation doses to that population, by year, age at exposure, and atoll of residence, and the related cancer risks. Detailed methods and results are presented in a series of companion papers in this volume. From our analysis, we concluded that 20 of the 66 nuclear tests conducted in or near the Marshall Islands resulted in measurable fallout deposition on one or more of the inhabited atolls of the Marshall Islands. In this work, we estimated deposition densities (kBq m−2) of all important dose-contributing radionuclides at each of the 32 atolls and separate reef islands of the Marshall Islands. Quantitative deposition estimates were made for 63 radionuclides from each test at each atoll. Those estimates along with reported measurements of exposure rates at various times after fallout were used to estimate radiation absorbed doses to the red bone marrow, thyroid gland, stomach wall, and colon wall of atoll residents from both external and internal exposure. Annual doses were estimated for six age groups ranging from newborns to adults. We found that the total deposition of 137Cs, external dose, internal organ doses, and cancer risks followed the same geographic pattern with the large population of the southern atolls receiving the lowest doses. Permanent residents of the southern atolls who were of adult age at the beginning of the testing period received external doses ranging from 5 to 12 mGy on average; the external doses to adults at the mid-latitude atolls ranged from 22 to 59 mGy on average, while the residents of the northern atolls received external doses in the hundreds to over 1,000 mGy. Internal doses varied significantly by age at exposure, location, and organ. Except for internal doses to the thyroid gland, external exposure was generally the major contributor to organ doses, particularly for red bone marrow and stomach wall. Internal doses to the stomach wall and red bone marrow were similar in magnitude, about 1 mGy to 7 mGy for permanent residents of the southern and mid-latitude atolls. However, adult residents of Utrik and Rongelap Island, which are part of the northern atolls, received much higher internal doses because of intakes of short-lived radionuclides leading to doses from 20 mGy to more than 500 mGy to red bone marrow and stomach wall. In general, internal doses to the colon wall were four to ten times greater than those to the red bone marrow and internal doses to the thyroid gland were 20 to 30 times greater than to the red bone marrow. Adult internal thyroid doses for the Utrik community and for the Rongelap Island community were about 760 mGy and 7,600 mGy, respectively. The highest doses were to the thyroid glands of young children exposed on Rongelap at the time of the Castle Bravo test of 1 March ...

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Radiation and the ocean

Higley,

Hargraves,

Kustka

et al. 2023

Oceans and Human Health

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ALIMENTARY TRACT ABSORPTION (f 1 VALUES) FOR RADIONUCLIDES IN LOCAL AND REGIONAL FALLOUT FROM NUCLEAR TESTS

Cited by 13 publications

References 45 publications

Acute and Chronic Intakes of Fallout Radionuclides by Marshallese From Nuclear Weapons Testing at Bikini and Enewetak and Related Internal Radiation Doses

Acute and Chronic Intakes of Fallout Radionuclides by Marshallese From Nuclear Weapons Testing at Bikini and Enewetak and Related Internal Radiation Doses

Radiation Doses and Cancer Risks in the Marshall Islands Associated With Exposure to Radioactive Fallout From Bikini and Enewetak Nuclear Weapons Tests: Summary

Radiation and the ocean

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