Alimentary fluoride intake in preschool children

Abstract

BackgroundThe knowledge of background alimentary fluoride intake in preschool children is of utmost importance for introducing optimal and safe caries preventive measures for both individuals and communities. The aim of this study was to assess the daily fluoride intake analyzing duplicate samples of food and beverages. An attempt was made to calculate the daily intake of fluoride from food and swallowed toothpaste.MethodsDaily alimentary fluoride intake was measured in a group of 36 children with an average age of 4.75 years and an average weight of 20.69 kg at baseline, by means of a double plate method. This was repeated after six months. Parents recorded their child's diet over 24 hours and collected duplicated portions of food and beverages received by children during this period. Pooled samples of food and beverages were weighed and solid food samples were homogenized. Fluoride was quantitatively extracted from solid food samples by a microdiffusion method using hexadecyldisiloxane and perchloric acid. The content of fluoride extracted from solid food samples, as well as fluoride in beverages, was measured potentiometrically by means of a fluoride ion selective electrode.ResultsAverage daily fluoride intake at baseline was 0.389 (SD 0.054) mg per day. Six months later it was 0.378 (SD 0.084) mg per day which represents 0.020 (SD 0.010) and 0.018 (SD 0.008) mg of fluoride respectively calculated per kg bw/day.When adding the values of unwanted fluoride intake from the toothpaste shown in the literature (0.17-1.21 mg per day) the estimate of the total daily intake of fluoride amounted to 0.554-1.594 mg/day and recalculated to the child's body weight to 0.027-0.077 mg/kg bw/day.ConclusionsIn the children studied, observed daily fluoride intake reached the threshold for safe fluoride intake. When adding the potential fluoride intake from swallowed toothpaste, alimentary intake reached the optimum range for daily fluoride intake. These results showed that in preschool children, when trying to maximize the benefit of fluoride in caries prevention and to minimize its risk, caution should be exercised when giving advice on the fluoride containing components of child's diet or prescribing fluoride supplements.

Total Fluoride Intake by Children from a Tropical Brazilian City

“…When solid food and liquids are analyzed separately, less contribution from solids to the final fluoride intake average is observed [Oganessian et al, 2011], and that fact was confirmed in this study. The children's diet was composed mostly of crackers, bread, juice, milk, and water.…”

“…Studies of children in higher age groups in regions with temperate, subtropical, and tropical climates have observed a fluoride intake average below the results of this study [Rodrigues et al, 2009;Oganessian et al, 2011;Amaral et al, 2014]; in those case the cities had water with a fluoride concentration of 0.6-0.9 mg/l, being artificially or naturally fluoridated. With increasing age, the average fluoride intake tends to decrease due to the child's rising body weight and greater control over the expulsion of toothpaste remnants [Sohn et al, 2009].…”

“…Fluoride data on the diets of children have been collected in regions of temperate and subtropical climates [Guha-Chowdhuryl et al, 1996;Rojas-Sanches et al, 1999;Cury, 2001, 2003;Paiva et al, 2003;Franco et al, 2005;Oganessian et al, 2011;Opydo-Szymaczek and Opydo, 2011;Amaral et al, 2014]. However, in tropical regions these data have been little explored [Omena et al, 2006;Rodrigues et al, 2009], wherein the first study only evaluated the fluoride intake from water and toothpaste, and the second study only had data on fluoride intake from diet.…”

Free fluoride determination in honey by ion-specific electrode potentiometry: Method assessment, validation and application to real unifloral samples

“…In the past, this approach has been successfully used for the determination of fluoride ions in a number of foodstuffs (Kjellevold Malde et al, 2001;Oganessian et al, 2011;Ponikvar et al, 2007) since it provides some important advantages over other options, like the low cost of the apparatus, the simplicity of the analysis and its good sensitivity and Free fluoride determination in honey by ion-specific electrode potentiometry accuracy. One of the most significant steps involved in a reliable FISE method assessment is a proper choice of the TISAB solution, which should simultaneously fulfill different requirements, all aimed to maximize the amount of the free F À ion (i.e., the only form of fluorine that can be detected by FISE).…”

Is the fluoride intake by diet and toothpaste in children living in tropical semi-arid city safe?

“…An attempt to reduce this limitation was made by collecting food samples on days that parents were at home, as was done in the study by Oganessian et al 31 Another advantage is diet stability, since on consecutive days the type of food eaten can be similar. An additional limitation is that the duplicate diet was collected by the caregiver.…”