Alignments of endocrine, anthropometric, and metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes after intervention with an Okinawa-based Nordic diet

Abstract

BackgroundAn Okinawa-based Nordic diet with moderately low carbohydrate content and high fat and protein content has been shown to improve anthropometry and metabolism in type 2 diabetes.ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to measure plasma or serum levels of hormones regulating energy metabolism and metabolic control, that is, cholecystokinin (CCK), Cortisol, C-peptide, ghrelin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), insulin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), polypeptide YY (PYY), resistin, and visfatin after this diet intervention, and to determine partial correlations between hormonal levels and anthropometric and metabolic responses.DesignA total of 30 patients (17 women) with type 2 diabetes, mean age 57.5 ± 8.2 years, and body mass index (BMI) 29.9 ± 4.1 kg/m2 were served the diet for 12 weeks. Fasting hormones were measured by Luminex and enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before study start and after 12 and 28 weeks, along with anthropometric and metabolic parameters.ResultThe levels of CCK (P = 0.005), cortisol (P = 0.015), C-peptide (P = 0.022), glucagon (P = 0.003), GLP-1 (P = 0.013), GIP (P < 0.001), insulin (P = 0.004), leptin (P < 0.001), and PYY (P < 0.001) were lowered after dietary intervention. These reduced levels only remained for PYY at week 28 (P = 0.002), when also ghrelin (P = 0.012) and visfatin (P = 0.021) levels were reduced. Changes of glucose values correlated with changed levels of C-peptide and PYY (P < 0.001), insulin (P = 0.002), and PAI-1 (P = 0.009); changes of triglyceride values with changed levels of C-peptide, insulin, and PYY (P < 0.001) and PAI-1 (P = 0.005); changes of insulin resistance with changes of leptin levels (P = 0.003); and changes of BMI values with changed levels of C-peptide, insulin, and leptin (P < 0.001).ConclusionsOkinawa-based Nordic diet in type 2 diabetes has significant impact on the endocrine profile, which correlates with anthropometric and metabolic improvements.

An Okinawan‑based Nordic diet improves glucose and lipid metabolism in health and type 2 diabetes, in alignment with changes in the endocrine profile, whereas zonulin levels are elevated (Review)

“…The intervention reduced levels of CCK, C-peptide, glucagon, GLP-1, GIP, insulin, leptin, PAI-1, and PYY. After 28 weeks, levels of PYY were still decreased in addition to ghrelin and visfatin (Table IV) (33). At baseline, levels of C-peptide correlated with glucose (rs=0.376, P=0.041) and triglycerides (rs=0.399, P=0.029), and the correlation with triglycerides persisted at week 12 (rs=0.388, P=0.037) and week 28 (rs=0.485, P=0.022).…”

“…Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) was calculated using the HOMA2 calculator version 2.2.3 (32). Luminex analyses were performed in plasma samples to measure the levels (pg/ml) of ghrelin, glucagon, GLP-1, GIP, leptin, PAI-1, resistin, and visfatin (27,33), and ELISA was used to analyze plasma levels of CCK and PYY (33). Calprotectin and zonulin in serum and feces were analyzed by ELISA (34).…”

Vegan and Animal Meal Composition and Timing Influence Glucose and Lipid Related Postprandial Metabolic Profiles

“…The Nordic diet is characterized by a high content of fruits and vegetables, plants from the countryside, whole grains, nuts, seafood, free‐range livestock, and game . The macronutrient composition of the animal and vegan diets and TDF content of the vegan diet match the Nordic diet, which could represent the liberalization of our animal menu plan and which has been shown to reduce diabetes risk . The flexitarian or semi‐vegetarian diet represents an alternative approach to the liberalization of the animal diet that also emphasizes plant foods with only periodic animal protein intake (See Diet Personalization, Supporting Information).…”

“…Vegan, vegetarian, and animal‐based omnivorous diets are naturally health promoting if they are well‐balanced with sufficient macro and micronutrients to meet dietary requirements . Mediterranean, Nordic, and flexitarian (semi‐vegetarian) diets are omnivorous diets with an emphasis on plant‐based foods and have been shown to correlate with reduced risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease onset and promote glucose and lipid control . Healthful and macronutrient‐balanced vegan diets are naturally high in dietary soluble fibers, well known for a multitude of health promoting benefits, such as glucose and lipid control .…”

Metabotypes Related to Meat and Vegetable Intake Reflect Microbial, Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism in Healthy People

“…Diet plays a major role in disease development, and different dietary patterns based on vegan, vegetarian, or animal‐based omnivorous diets may reduce disease risk, including the Mediterranean, Nordic, or flexitarian diets . Population‐based studies are useful in nutrition research as they enable monitoring of dietary habits and health outcomes over longer time periods that are generally not possible in intervention studies.…”