Alignment Control of a Liquid Crystal on a Photosensitive Polyvinylalcohol Film

Abstract

Pb targets have been used, first at Dubna (for elements 100-106) and more recently at GSI, for cold synthesis of new elements 108-112. The beams used with Pb targets are exactly the same as were predicted by Gupta et al in 1976-77 on the basis of quantum mechanical fragmentation theory. This theory suggested the use of cold target-projectile combinations, referring to potential energy minima. Optimizing conditions of smallest interaction barrier, largest interaction radius and non-necked nuclear shapes were then imposed, which selected the Pb + corresponding projectiles as the best cold reactions. These early calculations were made for Z = 100-114. An extension of these calculations here to the element 120 shows that the Pb valley is still there for the cold synthesis of the 302 120 isotope. The suggested cold reaction is 94 Sr + 208 Pb. Other cold reaction valleys are predicted at 136 Xe + 166 Dy (or 132 Te + 170 Er), 50 Ca + 252 Fm and 34 Si + 268 106. Cold Ca-valleys have also been predicted in the past and 50 Ca + 252 Fm offers an interesting new possibility here too for element 120. The last valley at 34 Si and others present at 14 C, 10 Be and 4 He are of interest at this time mainly for cluster decay studies. Calculations are also presented for 64 Ni + 238 U in order to illustrate the mass drift mode (in this case of quasifission) for target-projectile combinations coming from outside the minima in the 302 120 potential energy surface.

Photocontrollable Liquid‐Crystalline Actuators

“…Furthermore, unidirectional alignment of LCs has been also achieved by poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) thin fi lms containing AZ dyes. [ 24 ] …”

Light induced structures in liquid crystalline side-chain polymers with azobenzene functional groups

“…[13][14][15][20][21][22] However, it is natural to assume a three-dimensional distribution of azobenzene fragments. 16,17 Indeed, there are many directions perpendicular to the polarization direction of the exciting light. These directions form a plane that is perpendicular to the vector E. Thus, the ordering of the fragment perpendicular to the film surface ͑an ''out-of-plane'' anisotropy͒ should be taken into account.…”

Photochromic Polymers

“…The third type of alignment photoregulation ( Figure 18c) using a single polarized light source has been performed by coating substrate surfaces with polymers doped with dichroic dyes [171][172][173] and polymers bearing azobenzene side chains. 83,84 When a nematic liquid-crystal cell fabricated with the use of silica plates coated with a polyimide thin film containing a molecularly dispersed azo dye was exposed to a polarized Ar gas laser beam, a homogeneous alignment was generated in the direction perpendicular to the plane of polarization of the actinic light.…”