Alien mammals, impact and management in the French subantarctic islands

Chapuis, Jean‐Louis; Boussès, Philippe; Barnaud, Geneviève

doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)90353-0

Cited by 161 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…By contrast, alien mammals of the sub-Antarctic are well studied, largely through the considerable impacts they have had or are having on indigenous systems (Bonner, 1984;Leader-Williams, 1988 ;Chapuis, Boussès & Barnaud, 1994 a;Bester et al, 2002), naturally devoid of mammalian herbivores or carnivores. Some persistent or invasive mammals have been removed in conservation actions, though these actions themselves have further impacts (Micol & Jouventin, 1995 ;Myers et al, 2000;Bester et al, 2002;Courchamp et al, 2003).…”

Section: (3 ) Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications

Frénot

Chown

Whinam³

et al. 2005

Biol. Rev.

606

822

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Alien microbes, fungi, plants and animals occur on most of the sub-Antarctic islands and some parts of the Antarctic continent. These have arrived over approximately the last two centuries, coincident with human activity in the region. Introduction routes have varied, but are largely associated with movement of people and cargo in connection with industrial, national scientific program and tourist operations. The large majority of aliens are European in origin. They have both direct and indirect impacts on the functioning of speciespoor Antarctic ecosystems, in particular including substantial loss of local biodiversity and changes to ecosystem processes. With rapid climate change occurring in some parts of Antarctica, elevated numbers of introductions and enhanced success of colonization by aliens are likely, with consequent increases in impacts on ecosystems. Mitigation measures that will substantially reduce the risk of introductions to Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic must focus on reducing propagule loads on humans, and their food, cargo, and transport vessels.

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Section: (3 ) Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications

Frénot

Chown

Whinam³

et al. 2005

Biol. Rev.

606

822

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…They can adapt to harsh conditions, eat a wide range of plant species (Thompson, 1953;Chapuis, 1981Chapuis, , 1990Homolka, 1988), and have an exceptional growth rate for their body mass (Smith & Quin, 1996). The very rapid increase of their populations in ecosystems where indigenous grazers are in general much less numerous and competitive, leads to a dramatic impoverishment of the vegetation, both quantitatively and qualitatively (Gillham, 1955;Costin & Moore, 1960;Holdgate & Wace, 1961;Norman, 1967;Selkirk et al, 1983;Chapuis et al, 1994a), and results in severe impacts on associated indigenous fauna.…”

Section: (B ) Effects Of Resource Exploitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammal invaders on islands: impact, control and control impact

Courchamp¹,

Chapuis²,

2003

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The invasion of ecosystems by exotic species is currently viewed as one of the most important sources of biodiversity loss. The largest part of this loss occurs on islands, where indigenous species have often evolved in the absence of strong competition, herbivory, parasitism or predation. As a result, introduced species thrive in those optimal insular ecosystems affecting their plant food, competitors or animal prey. As islands are characterised by a high rate of endemism, the impacted populations often correspond to local subspecies or even unique species. One of the most important taxa concerning biological invasions on islands is mammals. A small number of mammal species is responsible for most of the damage to invaded insular ecosystems : rats, cats, goats, rabbits, pigs and a few others. The effect of alien invasive species may be simple or very complex, especially since a large array of invasive species, mammals and others, can be present simultaneously and interact among themselves as well as with the indigenous species. In most cases, introduced species generally have a strong impact and they often are responsible for the impoverishment of the local flora and fauna. The best response to these effects is almost always to control the alien population, either by regularly reducing their numbers, or better still, by eradicating the population as a whole from the island. Several types of methods are currently used : physical (trapping, shooting), chemical ( poisoning ) and biological (e.g. directed use of diseases ). Each has its own set of advantages and disadvantages, depending on the mammal species targeted. The best strategy is almost always to combine several methods. Whatever the strategy used, its long-term success is critically dependent on solid support from several different areas, including financial support, staff commitment, and public support, to name only a few. In many cases, the elimination of the alien invasive species is followed by a rapid and often spectacular recovery of the impacted local populations. However, in other cases, the removal of the alien is not sufficient for the damaged ecosystem to revert to its former state, and complementary actions, such as species re-introduction, are required. A third situation may be widespread : the sudden removal of the alien species may generate a further disequilibrium, resulting in further or greater damage to the ecosystem. Given the numerous and complex population interactions among island species, it is difficult to predict the outcome of the removal of key species, such as a top predator. This justifies careful pre-control study and preparation prior to initiating the eradication of an alien species, in order to avoid an ecological catastrophe. In addition, long-term monitoring of the post-eradication ecosystem is crucial to assess success and prevent reinvasion.

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“…and Festuca sp.) (Chapuis et al, 1994). The central part of the island is composed by rocky mountains, reaching 321 m high.…”

Section: Population and Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The population then grew exponentially, reaching about 700 individuals in 1977, corresponding to a density of about 100 individuals per hectare. Since then, the population has been characterized by cyclical dynamics, fluctuating between 250 and 650 individuals, with winter crashes occurring every 3-5 years (Chapuis et al, 1994).Given the high densities reached during peaks, the low genetic diversity observed (maximum of 4 alleles per loci Kaeuffer et al, 2007), the small size of the island and the young age of the population, we do not expect to detect any genetic structure. Furthermore, the strong founder effect in that population has potentially generated strong background LD.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

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Detecting population structure using STRUCTURE software: effect of background linkage disequilibrium

Kaeuffer¹,

Réale²,

Coltman³

et al. 2007

Heredity

106

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STRUCTURE is the most widely used clustering software to detect population genetic structure. The last version of this software (STRUCTURE 2.1) has been enhanced recently to take into account the occurrence of linkage disequilibrium (LD) caused by admixture between populations. This last version, however, still does not consider the effects of strong background LD caused by genetic drift, and which may cause spurious results. STRUCTURE authors have, therefore, suggested a rough threshold value of the distance (1.0 cM) between two loci below which the pair of loci should not be used. Because of the sensitiveness of LD to demographic events, the distance between loci is not always a good indicator of the strength of LD. In this study, we examine the link between genomic distance and the strength of the correlation between loci (r LD ) in a free-ranging population of mouflon (Ovis aries), and we present an empirical test of effect of r LD on the clustering results provided by the linkage model in STRUCTURE. We showed that a high r LD value increases the probability of detecting spurious clustering. We propose to use r LD as an index to base a decision on whether or not to use a pair of loci in a clustering analysis. Keywords: STRUCTURE software; linkage disequilibrium; population structure; clustering Introduction STRUCTURE (Pritchard et al., 2000) is the most widely used clustering software applied to detect population genetic structure, with more than 1000 citations for its first version (Pritchard et al., 2000) and more than 170 citations for its recent enhanced version (Falush et al., 2003) (source: ISI Web of Science database). STRUCTURE generates clusters based on both transient HardyWeinberg disequilibrium (HWD) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) caused by admixture between populations. The program works by clustering individuals in groups, where both linkage and HWD are minimized, and therefore, the presence of LD in the data improves clustering results (Falush et al., 2003). On the other hand, 'strong' LD or departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium could lead to an overestimation of the number of clusters detected (Falush et al., 2003).STRUCTURE deals with two kinds of LD: the first is mixture LD, which occurs across loci even if they are unlinked due to the correlation of allele frequencies 'because individuals with a large component of ancestry in population k have an excess of alleles that are common in k' (Falush et al., 2003). The second is admixture LD, which is 'the correlation that arises between linked markers in recently admixed populations ' (Pritchard and Wen, 2004). This LD occurs because markers are on the same 'chunk' of chromosome that derives from an ancestral population. The 'admixture model' implemented in the latest version of STRUCTURE (STRUCTURE 2.1;Falush et al., 2003) combines admixture LD with map distances between markers to improve clustering results. Falush et al. (2003) defined a third kind of LD: the background LD measured between syntenous loci separated by few cM. Background...

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Alien mammals, impact and management in the French subantarctic islands

Cited by 161 publications

References 13 publications

Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications

Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications

Mammal invaders on islands: impact, control and control impact

Detecting population structure using STRUCTURE software: effect of background linkage disequilibrium

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