The article is devoted to questions of the risk assessment of human neurotoxicity caused by the negative influence of free radicals of nanostructures, using electrophysiological methods of research – electroretinography with low intensity of light irritation. It has been established that the negative influence of toxins (chemical compounds of industrial and household purposes, nanomaterials as a source of free radicals) leads to changes in the parameters of electroretinosignal (ERS) in the early stages of detection of neurotoxicity. The use of advanced electroretinography (by decreasing the intensity of light irritation) and the use of a low intensity stimulation semiconductor source is substantiated. The ERS was obtained in the required range of values of light irritation, and morphological parameters were determined for further detection of ERS in admixture with noise, and for evaluating the characteristic change of the form of ERS under the influence of neurotoxicity.