Algal Pigment Fingerprints: Clue to Taxon-Specific Abundance, Productivity and Degradation of Phytoplankton in Seas and Oceans

Gieskes, W.W.C.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75121-9_5

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Phytoplankton primary production was estimated from 24-h 14 C incubations and are assumed to be a measure of net primary production (Laws 1991;Chipman et al 1993). In the absence of any direct measurements, a carbon : chlorophyll a ratio of 50 was assumed and used to convert phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentrations to units of carbon (Gieskes 1991). Bacterial biomass and production were converted to carbon using a conversion constant of 20 fgC cell Ϫ1 and 2 ϫ 10 18 cells produced per mole of thymidine incorporated (Kirchman et al 1993).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the relative contributions of autotrophs and heterotrophs to carbon flow at a Lagrangian JGOFS station in the Northeast Atlantic: The importance of DOC

Fasham

Boyd

Savidge

1999

Limnology & Oceanography

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A size-structured ecosystem model was developed and fitted to an extensive set of observations of size-fractionated biomass, primary and heterotrophic bacterial production, respiration, particle flux, and zooplankton herbivory obtained on a cruise in the NE Atlantic during 20 days of the spring bloom. Rates of water-column-integrated primary production and heterotrophic bacterial production were used to force the model, and the model parameters were determined by optimizing the model to the remaining observations. A unique model solution was not possible in the absence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measurements. By setting a weak constraint on the DOC concentrations (that they should remain broadly constant), a solution was obtained that predicted a small DOC increase during the bloom period; this increase was similar in magnitude to observations in other areas and produced a good fit with the other data. Major conclusions: (1) gross primary production (GPP) was over twice the measured 14 C production estimates; (2) phytoplankton exudation was a major source of DOC, and 35% of the GPP flowed through the DOC and was utilized by the bacteria, with a low gross growth efficiency (17%); (3) 62% of the community respiration came from organisms Ͻ5 m in size; (4) the major source of food for microzooplankton was phytoplankton 1-5 m in size, but the mesozooplankton ingested more microzooplankton than phytoplankton; and (5) only 8% of the total net primary production was grazed by mesozooplankton. These results provide quantitative support to the emerging consensus on the relative roles of large and small organisms in the euphotic zone and demonstrate the necessity of measuring DOC to constrain the carbon budget within the euphotic zone.A prominent objective of biological oceanography is to determine and understand the processes controlling the fluxes of carbon in the ocean over time. The most important of these is the fate of CO 2 taken up by phytoplankton in the euphotic zone. We wish to quantify how this carbon passes through the food web to its eventual fate as carbon respired within the euphotic zone or carbon exported to the deeper ocean. An attempt to budget carbon was one of the aims of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) North Atlantic Bloom Experiment (NABE) carried out in 1989 at a number of stations along the 20ЊW meridian. The most extensive coverage was at 47ЊN, where Bender et al. (1992) calculated a carbon budget for the upper water column (0-50 m) over a 13-d period during the spring bloom. Of the total gross primary production of 1.83 mmol C m Ϫ2 , they estimated that 63% was respired, 16% was stored as particulate organic carbon (POC) within the upper 50 m, and 18% was sedimented out to depths Ͼ50 m. Bender et al. (1992) did not attempt to unravel the details 1 Corresponding author: mjf@soc.soton.ac.uk. AcknowledgmentsWe thank those colleagues in the UK BOFS Program who provided data for this study and also the staff of the British Oceanographic Data Centre for assistance with accessi...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the relative contributions of autotrophs and heterotrophs to carbon flow at a Lagrangian JGOFS station in the Northeast Atlantic: The importance of DOC

Fasham

Boyd

Savidge

1999

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) provides a rapid, reproducible, cost-e¡ective tool for detecting photopigments in marine samples, permitting them to be used as algal biomarkers for estimating the phytoplankton community structure (Descy, Higgins, Mackey, Hurley & Frost 2000;Wright & van den Enden 2000;Pearl, Lexia, Pinckney, Piehler, Dyble & Moisander 2003). This technique has been widely used to identify the composition of the phytoplankton community in oceanographic research and to routinely monitor ocean environments (Gieskes 1991;Mackey, Higgins, Mackey & Holdsworth 1998;Wright & van den Enden 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of microbial community structures of shrimp floc cultures by biomarkers and analysis of floc amino acid profiles

Forster

Conquest

et al. 2008

Aquaculture Research

232

180

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Simple, rapid and reliable methods are required to monitor the microbial community change in aquatic pond for better animal performance. Four floc (suspended organic matter) samples were collected from outdoor raceways and tanks used for culturing Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Twenty‐two chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid pigments were separated, identified and quantified using high‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet/Vis‐mass spectrometry in the freeze‐dried floc samples. Algal community composition (diatoms, chlorophytes, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and cryptophytes) was determined by measuring concentrations of the respective taxonomic biomarkers (carotenoid fucoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, peridinin and alloxanthin) as independent variables and Chl a as the dependent variable using a multiple regression model. This analysis found that the phytoplankton community of the floc samples from two groups of shrimp tanks (32 g L−1‐salinity) were diatom‐dominated (81.7% and 84.4%); and two floc samples from shrimp raceways (5 and 18 g L−1‐salinity) were chlorophyte‐dominated (75.4% and 82.3%). Assessment of total algal and bacterial biomass by quantification of Chl a and muramic acid, respectively, indicated that the 18 g L−1‐salinity raceway sample was bacteria‐dominated, whereas the other three floc samples were algae‐dominated. Sample protein quality was evaluated by its essential amino acid (AA) score and index. Arginine and lysine were found to be the two most limiting AAs for all floc samples.

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“…Phytoplankton pigment and absorption analyses can help overcome these informational deficiencies and easily could be incorporated into coastal monitoring programs (see Gieskes 1991;Millie et al 1993Millie et al , 1995b, thereby providing an effective and alternative means for monitoring G. breve. In addition, remote-sensing technology (in situ transmissometers, multispectral sensors) has become a popular means to map phytoplankton, primarily due to their synoptic sampling capabilities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of harmful algal blooms using photopigments and absorption signatures: A case study of the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve

Millie

Schofield

Kirkpatrick

et al. 1997

Limnology & Oceanography

199

141

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The utility of photopigments and absorption signatures to detect and enumerate the red tide dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve, was evaluated in laboratory cultures and in natural assemblages. The carotenoid, gyroxanthindiester, was an adequate biomarker for G. breve biomass; water‐column concentrations corresponded with cell standing crops and chlorophyll a concentrations during bloom events in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Unlike other carotenoids, the relative abundance of gyroxanthin‐diester did not change throughout a range of physiological states in culture and the gyroxanthin‐diester: chlorophyll a ratio exhibited little variability in a natural assemblage during bloom senescence. Stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that wavelengths indicative of in vivo absorption by accessory chlorophylls and carotenoids could correctly discern spectra of the fucoxanthin‐containing G. breve from spectra of peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates, a diatom, a haptophyte, and a prasinophyte. With the use of a similarity algorithm, the increasing contribution of G. breve was discerned in absorption spectra (and corresponding fourth‐derivative plots) for hypothetical mixed assemblages. However, the absorption properties of chlorophyll c‐containing algae vary little among taxa and it is difficult to discern the contribution of accessory chlorophylls and carotenoids caused by cell packaging. Therefore, the use of absorption spectra alone may not identify the contribution of a chlorophyll c‐containing taxon to the composite spectrum of a mixed assemblage. This difficulty in distinguishing among spectra can be minimized by using the similarity algorithm in conjunction with fourth‐derivative analysis.

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Algal Pigment Fingerprints: Clue to Taxon-Specific Abundance, Productivity and Degradation of Phytoplankton in Seas and Oceans

Cited by 25 publications

References 95 publications

Modeling the relative contributions of autotrophs and heterotrophs to carbon flow at a Lagrangian JGOFS station in the Northeast Atlantic: The importance of DOC

Modeling the relative contributions of autotrophs and heterotrophs to carbon flow at a Lagrangian JGOFS station in the Northeast Atlantic: The importance of DOC

Determination of microbial community structures of shrimp floc cultures by biomarkers and analysis of floc amino acid profiles

Detection of harmful algal blooms using photopigments and absorption signatures: A case study of the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve

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