Alfred

Abstract

We present ALFRED: a virtual memory abstraction that resolves the dichotomy between volatile and non-volatile memory in intermittent computing. Mixed-volatile microcontrollers allow programmers to allocate part of the application state onto non-volatile memory. Programmers are therefore to manually explore the tradeoff between simpler management of persistent state against energy overhead and possibility of intermittence anomalies due to nonvolatile memory operations. This approach is laborious and yields sub-optimal performance. We take a different stand with ALFRED: we provide programmers with a virtual memory abstraction detached from the specific volatile nature of memory and automatically determine an efficient mapping from virtual to volatile or non-volatile memory. Unlike existing works, ALFRED does not require programmers to learn a new language syntax and the mapping is entirely resolved at compile-time, reducing the run-time energy overhead. We implement ALFRED through a series of machine-level code transformations. Compared to existing systems, we demonstrate that ALFRED reduces energy consumption by up to two orders of magnitude given a fixed workload. This enables workloads to finish sooner, as the use of available energy shifts from ensuring forward progress to useful application processing. CCS CONCEPTS• Computer systems organization → Embedded software.

Application-aware Energy Attack Mitigation in the Battery-less Internet of Things

“…These systems operate as the device approaches 𝑉 off , allowing systems to retain the application state across energy failures. NVM operations, however, are extremely energy hungry and impose a significant energy overhead [43].…”