Alfaxalone anesthesia by immersion in oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis)

Alfaxalone versus alfaxalone–dexmedetomidine anaesthesia by immersion in oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis)

“…All the dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor; Provet, Switzerland) concentrations investigated were tested in combination with a previously established alfaxalone (Alfaxan; Jurox, UK) dose (20 mg 100 mL À1 ; Adami et al 2015). The initial dexmedetomidine concentration (0.02 mg 100 mL À1 ) was chosen on the basis of the existing literature regarding the use of dexmedetomidine in amphibian species other than oriental fire-bellied toads (Brenner et al 1994;Stevens & Brenner 1996;Willenbring & Stevens 1996).…”

“…Although these animals routinely undergo handling and various diagnostic and surgical procedures, very little is known about the appropriate anaesthetic management and no published technique has been found to be optimal in effectiveness, safety and reliability (Adami et al. ; d'Ovidio et al. ).…”

“…Oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis) are a small semi-aquatic amphibian species that have recently become popular as both ornamental pets and experimental models (Endepols et al 2006;Lee et al 2010). Although these animals routinely undergo handling and various diagnostic and surgical procedures, very little is known about the appropriate anaesthetic management and no published technique has been found to be optimal in effectiveness, safety and reliability (Adami et al 2015;d'Ovidio et al 2015).…”

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after a single intramuscular or intravascular injection in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

“…However, inhalant anesthesia may not be practical in certain field conditions dictating the need for a safe and effective injectable anesthetic protocol. Alfaxalone is a synthetic, neuroactive, hydrophobic steroid that has been used to induce and maintain short‐term anesthesia in several avian and wildlife species (Adami, Spadavecchia, Angeli, & d'Ovidio, ; Bertelsen & Sauer, ; Cooper & Frank, ; Cooper & Redig, ; Cullen et al, ; Goodwin et al, ; Holt, ; Lau et al, ; Phillips, Posner, Lewbart, Christiansen, & Harms, ; Shepherd, Divers, Braun, & Hofmeister, ; Villaverde‐Morcillo, Benito, García‐Sánchez, Martín‐Jurado, & Segura, ). While it does not result in analgesia, it has been documented to have decreased cardiopulmonary side effects compared to other agents that can be administered intramuscularly, except in the bullfrog ( Lithobates catesbeianus ) after IV administration (Ennis & Lorenz, ; Williams et al, ).…”

Sedative effects of intramuscular alfaxalone in pet guinea pigs ( Cavia porcellus )

“…The new alfaxalone formulation with hydroxypropyl β cyclodextrin, licensed in many countries for intravenous (IV) use as an anaesthetic induction agent in dogs and cats, has been successfully used, alone or in combination with other drugs, in exotic captive species (Jones 2012). These include amphibians (McMillan & Leece 2011;Posner et al 2013;Sladakovic & Robert 2014;Adami et al 2015;Adami et al 2016 a, b), reptiles (Bertelsen & Sauer 2011;Knotek 2014), and mammals (Marsh et al 2009;Huyhn et al 2015;d'Ovidio et al 2015). Alfaxalone can also be administered IM to minimize stress associated with handling, physical examination, minor procedures (such as IV cannulation) and in fractious animals (Marsh et al 2009;Huyhn et al 2015;Buisman et al 2016;Khenissi et al 2016).…”