Alfareros de aquí o de allá: Identidad estilística y tecnológica en el valle de Pachacamac (costa central peruana)

Abstract

RESUMENEl reconocimiento de identidades étnicas y políticas previas a la conquista española en Perú se ha basado tradicionalmente en los estilos cerámicos. En la costa central, aprovechando la existencia de fuentes sobre la cuenca del Lurín, se ha sugerido que los ayllus costeños se servían preferentemente de la cerámica utilitaria de estilo Ychsma, que definiría también a la cultura del mismo nombre; los habitantes de la cabecera del valle (Huarochirí) habrían utilizado recipientes cerámicos del estilo llamado «Serrano». La frecuente aparición de este segundo estilo en los sitios excavados o prospectados en el valle bajo del Lurín, se ha interpretado como prueba de la presencia e importancia política serrana en la costa. El artículo contrasta esta hipótesis mediante el análisis de Espectrometría de Masas por Ablación Láser con fuente de Plasma de Acoplamiento Inductivo (LA-ICP-MS) de 600 fragmentos de cerámica del valle bajo, medio y alto del Lurín y 116 muestras de arcilla de los valles del Chillón, Rímac, Lurín y Chilca, procesando los resultados mediante estadística multivariante y análisis espacial (SIG) con objeto de correlacionar conjuntos de alfares y grupos estilísticos con las áreas de extracción de la materia prima. Los resultados finales muestran que el valle del Lurín y el valle del Rímac tuvieron cada uno su propia tradición estilística y tecnológica en las vasijas de uso utilitario; indican, asimismo, que el hipotético «Estilo Serrano» caracteriza a la producción de alfareros del valle del Lurín, mientras que el estilo Ychsma se produce principalmente en el valle del Rímac. Estas conclusiones obligan a reinterpretar las relaciones entre sierra y costa durante el Horizonte Tardío, incluyendo el comienzo del Periodo Colonial, y a someter a crítica la existencia de la «cultura Ychsma» en el territorio del hipotético señorío del mismo nombre.Palabras clave: Estilos cerámicos, producción cerámica, arqueometría, LA-ICP-MS, valle del Lurín, Pachacamac, incas. Potters from Here or There: Stylistic and Technological Identity in the Pachacamac Valley (Peruvian Central Coast)ABSTRACT The recognition of ethnic and political identities in pre-Conquest Peru has been traditionally based on ceramic styles. In the Central Coast, taking advantage of the existence of historical sources about the Lurin Valley, it has been suggested that coastal ayllus were using preferably Ychsma Style utilitarian pottery, which would also define the culture of the same name; the inhabitants of headwaters of the valley (Huarochirí) would have used so-called «Serrano» Style pottery.

The organization of production for Inka Polychrome pottery from Pachacamac, Peru

“…These conclusions are in accordance with, and build upon, previous work examining the organization of production for pottery of the central coast (e.g., Makowski and Oré 2014;Makowski et al 2008Makowski et al , 2015 and for Inka Polychrome (e.g., D'Altroy and Bishop 1990). The organization was complex.…”

“…41.1/8971 A03, labeled on Figure 8). Though direct comparison is not possible, is still worthwhile to compare the results of this research with those from recent work comparing ceramics from the Lurín valley and clay sources from several valleys on the central coast (Makowski and Oré 2014;Makowski et al 2008Makowski et al , 2015. That research, which evaluated only clays and not pastes using LA-ICP-MS, identified three distinct compositional groups which contained variation in decorative style as well as in macroscopic pastes, potentially indicating different potting practices or technologies were employed using the same clay.…”

“…Citing ethnohistoric documents, Hyslop writes that only a few areas in the empire (including the area around Pachacamac) had artisans capable of "replicating state ceramics with extreme accuracy" (1993:341). A recent study of pottery from the Lurín Valley using Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to analyze clays (Makowski and Oré 2014;Makowski et al 2008Makowski et al , 2015 found three distinct compositional groups, and each group was comprised of Ychsma and Inka styles. Each group contained multiple macroscopically defined paste groups as well.…”

Late pre-Hispanic fog oasis settlements and long-term human occupation on the Peruvian central coast from satellite imagery

“…Makowski 2002). These studies in general support the idea of a strategic (though indirect) Inka intrusion in the central coast, through neighbouring highland people (Makowski & Ore 2013).…”

“…Scholarship by Krzysztof Makowski has contributed another level of complexity to the discussion of lomas occupations, as he argues that the Lurín Valley settlement of Pueblo Viejo was perennially settled only when it was occupied by a colony of highland mitmaqkuna , a group of forced migrants strategically resettled in the area by the Inka in the fifteenth century AD (Makowski & Oré 2013: 517; Castillo & Makowski 2019). In contraposition with the transhumant models, Makowski contends that it was only during the era of Inka imperialism that highland peoples came to occupy the site year-round, and Pueblo Viejo was abandoned following the Spanish invasion and the collapse of the Inka empire (Makowski & Oré 2013: 519). Indeed, contrary to the evidence reported at Malanche, there is no evidence of colonial occupation at Pueblo Viejo (Makowski 2002: 141).…”