“…3 Despite the historical particularities of its emergence, Vox thus not only mirrors many of the positions and commitments of its transnational analogues, but it deploys their discursive strategies as well. Indeed, as Norris (2020:699) writes, the essence itself of populism may comprise 'a form of rhetoric, a persuasive language'-one that can legitimate claims to authority merely through its performative, rather than referential, meaning (see Yurchak 2005). A number of sociolinguists and linguistic anthropologists have contributed to the body of work cited above, shedding insight on 'the reality-760 Language in Society 52:5 (2023) generating property and the bluster of words' of far-right populist actors in Europe and elsewhere by analyzing the various forms, themes, and tactics that they deploy (McIntosh 2020:1): discourse markers (Sclafani 2018), slogans (Dick 2019), topoi (Wodak 2021), chronotopes (Jereza & Perrino 2020), narrative (Taş 2020), incoherence (Slotta 2020), ambiguity (Krzyzanowski 2020), symbolic warfare (Kramsch 2021), and gestures (Hall, Goldstein, & Ingram 2016).…”