Aleurites moluccanus (l.) Willd. Extracts Inhibit the Growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases

Abstract

Introduction: Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. is a large tree with a wide global distribution. All parts of the tree have been used medicinally and the nut is consumed in a variety of cuisines. Despite this, A. moluccanus nut extracts have not been rigorously examined growth inhibitory properties against many bacteria, including the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of A. moluccanus nut solvent extractions was investigated by disc diffusion and growth time course assays against a panel of bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The growth inhibitory activity was further quantified by MIC determination. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: Methanolic and aqueous A. moluccanus nut solvent extracts were potent inhibitors of all of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases screened in this study. The methanolic extract displayed the most potent bacterial growth inhibitory activity. It was particularly potent against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis (MICs of 438 and 215 µg/mL against reference and clinical Proteus mirabilis strains; MIC of 187 µg/mL against Proteus vulgaris). The methanolic extract was also a good inhibitor of K. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes growth with MICs < 1000 µg/mL. The aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts were also potent bacterial growth inhibitors, albeit with slightly higher MIC values. The antibacterial activity of the methanolic and aqueous A. moluccanus nut extracts were further investigated by growth time course assays which showed significant growth inhibition in cultures of P. mirabilis, K. pneumpniae and S. pyogenes within 1 h of exposure. All extracts were determined to be nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay, indicating their safety for prophylactic use in preventing these autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Conclusions: The lack of toxicity of the A. moluccanus nut extracts and their growth inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatic heart disease indicate their potential in the development of new therapies targeting the onset of these diseases.

Preservation Efforts of Pranajiwa (Euchresta Horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn.) Based on Tri Hita Karana by Balinese Community

“…Demikian juga daun turi berpotensi sebagai anti inflamasi (Loganayaki et al, 2012). Ekstrak buah kemiri juga berpotensi untuk mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri yang memicu rematik (Mpala et al, 2017). Pada penelitian ini, kemiri dimanfaatkan untuk pengobatan luar tubuh, yakni dengan dioleskan.…”

Review of Some Euphorbiaceae Plants in Usada Taru Pramana and Its Pharmacological Activities

“…Aleurites moluccana Seeds, Bark [7,8] Alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, coumarin, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids [30] Antibacterial, Antinociceptive [31,32,33] 7…”

“…Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed very low MIC shown in methanol extracts of bark (98 μg/mL). Finally, for Klebsiella pneumoniae all extracts showed high MIC, but the lowest in the group was shown in cutaneous acetonitrile extract [31,32] .…”

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Euphorbiaceae

“…The powdered nut extracts are effective against the growth of K. pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and S. pyogenes. In autoimmune inflammatory disease prevention, the extract is safe for prophylactic uses (Mpala et al 2017). Seed extracts shown antiproliferative activity (de Castilho 2019); it has no significant effects on the metabolic profile of Wistar rats (Ubeda et al 2017).…”