Aldose Reductase and the Polyol Pathway in Schwann Cells: Old and New Problems

Niimi, Naoko; Yako, Hideji; Takaku, Shizuka; Chung, Sookja K.; Sango, Kazunori

doi:10.3390/ijms22031031

Cited by 42 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…The concentration of glucose in the hemolymph can change due to the feeding state of an insect or a type of diet. In this case, glucose is converted to other sugars and polyols, e.g., sorbitol in the polyol pathway [ 30 ]. We do not exclude the possibility of disrupting enzymes of these pathways by alkaloids; however, more studies should be conducted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solanum nigrum Extract and Solasonine Affected Hemolymph Metabolites and Ultrastructure of the Fat Body and the Midgut in Galleria mellonella

Spochacz

Chowański

Szymczak-Cendlak

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Glycoalkaloids, secondary metabolites abundant in plants belonging to the Solanaceae family, may affect the physiology of insect pests. This paper presents original results dealing with the influence of a crude extract obtained from Solanum nigrum unripe berries and its main constituent, solasonine, on the physiology of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) that can be used as an alternative bioinsecticide. G. mellonella IV instar larvae were treated with S. nigrum extract and solasonine at different concentrations. The effects of extract and solasonine were evaluated analyzing changes in carbohydrate and amino acid composition in hemolymph by RP-HPLC and in the ultrastructure of the fat body cells by TEM. Both extract and solasonine changed the level of hemolymph metabolites and the ultrastructure of the fat body and the midgut cells. In particular, the extract increased the erythritol level in the hemolymph compared to control, enlarged the intracellular space in fat body cells, and decreased cytoplasm and lipid droplets electron density. The solasonine, tested with three concentrations, caused the decrease of cytoplasm electron density in both fat body and midgut cells. Obtained results highlighted the disturbance of the midgut and the fat body due to glycoalkaloids and the potential role of hemolymph ingredients in its detoxification. These findings suggest a possible application of glycoalkaloids as a natural insecticide in the pest control of G. mellonella larvae.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solanum nigrum Extract and Solasonine Affected Hemolymph Metabolites and Ultrastructure of the Fat Body and the Midgut in Galleria mellonella

Spochacz

Chowański

Szymczak-Cendlak

et al. 2021

Toxins

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show abstract

“…In view of current knowledge, excess glucose inside the cells is converted to sorbitol by aldose reductase (AR), and sorbitol is further oxidized to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH). 23 When aldose reductase oxidizes NADPH to NADP (+) , SDH uses NAD (+) to form nicotinamide adenine diphosphate hydride (NADH). This activation of the polyol pathway can reduce NADPH and NAD (+) levels, leading to the occurrence of redox in the body.…”

Section: Main Mechanisms Of Drmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Insights into the Role of Gut Microbiota in Diabetic Retinopathy

Jiao¹,

Yu²,

Yao³

et al. 2021

JIR

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The microbiome has become a hot issue in recent years. The composition, modification, alteration, and disturbance of gut microbiota were found to influence important physiological processes, including energy metabolism and microenvironmental homeostasis, and lead to various diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and one of the leading causes of blindness and vision impairment. The underlying mechanisms in DR pathogenesis remain limited. Recently, important insights have been made regarding possible connections between gut microbiome dysbiosis and ocular disease including DR, uveitis, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration, and the concept of a “microbiota–gut–retina axis” has been put forward. Hence, we reviewed current understanding of the relationship between DR and gut microbiota. We summarized potential pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the role of the gut microbiota on DR, including hyperglycemia, anti-diabetes drugs, microbial metabolites, and inflammatory properties. We aimed to find novel effective therapeutic options to prevent the onset and development of DR.

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“…30 Although many ARIs have been successfully developed in in vivo and in vitro experiments, they have failed in most clinical trials due to adverse drug reactions and inadequate efficacy. 31 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interventional Clinical Trials on Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Retrospective Analysis

Wang¹,

Zhang

et al. 2021

JPR

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Aims/Introduction Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of diabetes. At present, there is no comprehensive summary of the clinical trials related to DPN. In this article, we summarized the basic characteristics of the interventional clinical trials pertaining to DPN to determine the current status of research in this field and the existing issues. Materials and Methods We searched the World Health Organization International Clinical Trial Registration Platform (ICTRP), PubMed and Web of Science for clinical trials from 2005 to April 2021 and extracted 149 registered and 459 published clinical trials on DPN. We summarized the characteristics of the clinical trials, including the source registration, recruitment status, stage, age group, allocation method, intervention, end point classification, funding source, and treatment. Results After excluding noninterventional and nontreatment trials, 149 registered clinical trials out of 292 records from 12 registration centers and 459 published articles were included in this study. Among the registered trials, 43% had been completed, and 34.4% had been published in peer-reviewed journals. Among these trials, more than half used random allocation and blinded placebo-controlled methodologies. A total of 40.3% of the trials were multicenter studies, 63.8% of the treatments were drug therapies, and the endpoint classifications of 49% were efficacy and safety. Of the 459 published interventional clinical trials on DPN, 69.7% of the trials used drug treatments; more than half were randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials; 94.1% had positive outcomes; 46.4% had a target size of 50; and 22.9% were multicenter. Conclusion This paper systematically summarizes the current status of interventional trials on DPN registered in the ICTRP and published clinical trials and provides a reference for the development of high-quality intervention strategies for DPN in the future.

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Aldose Reductase and the Polyol Pathway in Schwann Cells: Old and New Problems

Cited by 42 publications

References 83 publications

Solanum nigrum Extract and Solasonine Affected Hemolymph Metabolites and Ultrastructure of the Fat Body and the Midgut in Galleria mellonella

Solanum nigrum Extract and Solasonine Affected Hemolymph Metabolites and Ultrastructure of the Fat Body and the Midgut in Galleria mellonella

Recent Insights into the Role of Gut Microbiota in Diabetic Retinopathy

Interventional Clinical Trials on Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Retrospective Analysis

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