Aldol condensation of acetaldehyde for butanol synthesis: A temporal analysis of products study

Efficient Conversion of Ethanol to 1-Butanol over Adjacent Acid–Base Dual Sites via Enhanced C–H Activation

“…However, a high acetaldehyde selectivity in the final products occurred . Worse still, the presence of transition metal sites (such as Pd, Cu) induces the formation of ethyl acetate as a byproduct. − Another strategy is to use materials with both acid and base functions (i.e., ZrO 2 , mixed-metal oxides, and hydroxyapatites) to achieve the highly selective conversion of ethanol to 1-butanol. ,− Of these dual-site catalysts, hydroxyapatite (HAP) exhibits first-rate butanol selectivity (∼70%). However, the reaction activity over the reported dual-site catalysts is unsatisfactory (productivity of 1-butanol often <0.4 h –1 ; details in Table S2) and the specific catalytic role of the sites is unclear.…”