Aldehyde-induced insidious effects cannot be considered as a diatom defence mechanism against copepods

Flynn, Kevin J.; Irigoien, Xabier

doi:10.3354/meps07865

Cited by 40 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…These observations have also been confirmed in the field, with low hatching success of copepod eggs during periods of intense diatom blooms (Miralto et al, 1999;Halsband-Lenk et al, 2005;Vargas et al, 2006;Ianora et al, 2008). The causes for induced reproductive failure and the ecological relevance of these findings are currently fervidly disputed in the biological oceanography community (e.g., Flynn & Irigoien, 2009 and references therein). Miralto et al (1999) first identified three low molecular weight polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) from the diatom Thalassiosira rotula and showed that they arrested embryonic development of copepod and sea urchin embryos in a dose-dependent manner, and also had anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on human carcinoma cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Impact of the diatom oxylipin 15S-HEPE on the reproductive success of the copepod Temora stylifera

et al. 2010

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The copepod Temora stylifera was fed with the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima for 15 days. This diatom does not produce polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) but only synthesizes other oxylipins such as the hydroxyacid (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (15S-HEPE). Effects of this monoalgal diet were compared to copepods fed with the PUA-producing diatom Skeletonema marinoi and the control dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum which does not produce any oxylipins. Both egg production and hatching success were negatively affected by the two diatoms compared to the control diet. Both diatoms also induced malformations in the offspring, with the number of malformed nauplii increasing dramatically with time. Malformed nauplii were apoptotic (TUNEL-positive) indicating imminent death. In terms of recruitment, only 4 healthy nauplii female -1 day -1 with S. marinoi and 9 healthy nauplii female -1 day -1 with P. delicatissima were produced during the 15-day experimental period. The results indicate that P. delicatissima induced negative effects comparable to those of S. marinoi even though it did not produce PUAs. This is the first study that tests the biological activity of oxylipins other than PUAs on copepod reproduction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Impact of the diatom oxylipin 15S-HEPE on the reproductive success of the copepod Temora stylifera

et al. 2010

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“…More work is needed to evaluate such consequences in terms of (1) the relationship between food web structure and the occurrence of inducible defences at different positions within the web, (2) the diversity and proportion of species with inducible defences at each trophic level, (3) the different reliabilities (as a predictor of predation risk) of the different cues for defence induction that are used by phytoplankton species, as mentioned in Tables 1 and 2 and (4) the evolution of inducible defences in a complex multitrophic food web context. We suggest that future research takes on such complexity by further integrating ecological issues of defence inducibility, species diversity and food web structure with evolutionary questions such as those that have been raised by a number of authors (Parejko & Dodson, 1991;Tollrian & Dodson, 1999;Tollrian & Harvell, 1999;Szulkin et al, 2006;Flynn & Irigoien, 2009). We further see an important role for both natural environmental factors and man-induced changes as mechanisms to be studied in aquatic ecosystems, as these may have synergistic effects (Hanazato & Dodson, 1995;Lürling & Scheffer, 2007).…”

Section: Discussion and Suggestions For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…These chemicals include polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) and other oxylipins (reviewed by Leflaive & Ten-Hage, 2009;. Oxylipins have a range of different functions in algae, higher plants, animals and fungi, which complicates evaluations of the question whether they primarily evolved as a defence (see Flynn & Irigoien, 2009 for model-based criticism on this hypothesis for a plankton system). Miralto et al (1999) first isolated PUAs from the diatom Thalassiosira rotula and showed that these compounds were responsible for reduced hatching success and the production of abnormal nauplii (teratogenesis) in copepods.…”

Section: Chemical Defences In Phytoplanktonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induced defences in marine and freshwater phytoplankton: a review

2010

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Many organisms have developed defences to avoid predation by species at higher trophic levels. The capability of primary producers to defend themselves against herbivores affects their own survival, can modulate the strength of trophic cascades and changes rates of competitive exclusion in aquatic communities. Algal species are highly flexible in their morphology, growth form, biochemical composition and production of toxic and deterrent compounds. Several of these variable traits in phytoplankton have been interpreted as defence mechanisms against grazing. Zooplankton feed with differing success on various phytoplankton species, depending primarily on size, shape, cell wall structure and the production of toxins and deterrents. Chemical cues associated with (i) mechanical damage, (ii) herbivore presence and (iii) grazing are the main factors triggering induced defences in both marine and freshwater phytoplankton, but most studies have failed to disentangle the exact mechanism(s) governing defence induction in any particular species. Induced defences in phytoplankton include changes in morphology (e.g. the formation of spines, colonies and thicker cell walls), biochemistry (such as production of toxins, repellents) and in life history characteristics (formation of cysts, reduced recruitment rate). Our categorization of inducible defences in terms of the responsible induction mechanism provides guidance for future work, as hardly any of the available studies on marine or freshwater plankton have performed all the treatments that are required to pinpoint the actual cue(s) for induction. We discuss the ecology of inducible defences in marine and freshwater phytoplankton with a special focus on the mechanisms of induction, the types of defences, their costs and benefits, and their consequences at the community level.

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“…Effects include impaired feeding, avoidance behavior, physiological dysfunction, depressed growth and reproduction, and reduced population fitness (Turner & Tester 1997, Landsberg 2002, Prince et al 2006, Barreiro et al 2007, Cohen et al 2007, Flynn & Irigoien 2009). Reduced feeding rates of zooplankton may be due to behavioral rejection of harmful algae prior to ingestion or physiological incapacitation (Ives 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deleterious consequences of a red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides for the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa

Jiang¹,

Tang²,

Lonsdale³

et al. 2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Aldehyde-induced insidious effects cannot be considered as a diatom defence mechanism against copepods

Cited by 40 publications

References 72 publications

Impact of the diatom oxylipin 15S-HEPE on the reproductive success of the copepod Temora stylifera

Impact of the diatom oxylipin 15S-HEPE on the reproductive success of the copepod Temora stylifera

Induced defences in marine and freshwater phytoplankton: a review

Deleterious consequences of a red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides for the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa

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