Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Problems Before and After Military Combat Deployment

Jacobson, Isabel G.; Ryan, Margaret A. K.; Hooper, Tomoko I.; Smith, Tyler C.; Amoroso, Paul J.; Boyko, Edward J.; Gackstetter, Gary D.; Wells, Timothy S.; Bell, Nicole S.

doi:10.1001/jama.300.6.663

Cited by 571 publications

(549 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…This contrasts with a number of recent studies in other military populations [32,104,180]. Although prevalence estimates were similar to those for ADF members who deployed as regulars, the results reported here are based on small numbers deploying as reserves on CFTS.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Physical comorbidities of post‐traumatic stress disorder in Australian Vietnam War veterans

McLeay

Harvey

Romaniuk

et al. 2017

Medical Journal of Australia

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Physical comorbidities of post‐traumatic stress disorder in Australian Vietnam War veterans

McLeay

Harvey

Romaniuk

et al. 2017

Medical Journal of Australia

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“…However, these differences appear to be quite modest. For example, 45% of women and 50% of men in a national sample of U.S. OEF/OIF veterans reported experiencing some level of combat exposure (Jacobson et al, 2008). Another study that addressed gender differences in a sample of Iraq-deployed combat support troops (Hoge, Clark, & Castro, 2007) found that men were more likely to report being in firefights (47% versus 36%) and shooting at the enemy (15% versus 7%), but women were more likely to report handling human remains (38% and 29%).…”

Section: Abstract: Gender Veterans Military Personnel Trauma Exposmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in combat-related stressors and their association with postdeployment mental health in a nationally representative sample of U.S. OEF/OIF veterans.

Vogt

Vaughn

Glickman

et al. 2011

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

203

154

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Though the broader literature suggests that women may be more vulnerable to the effects of trauma exposure, most available studies on combat trauma have relied on samples in which women's combat exposure is limited and analyses that do not directly address gender differences in associations between combat exposure and postdeployment mental health. Female service members' increased exposure to combat in Afghanistan and Iraq provides a unique opportunity to evaluate gender differences in different dimensions of combatrelated stress and associated consequence for postdeployment mental health. The current study addressed these research questions in a representative sample of female and male U.S. veterans who had returned from deployment to Afghanistan or Iraq within the previous year. As expected, women reported slightly less exposure than men to most combat-related stressors, but higher exposure to other stressors (i.e., prior life stress, deployment sexual harassment). No gender differences were observed in reports of perceived threat in the war zone. Though it was hypothesized that combat-related stressors would demonstrate stronger negative associations with postdeployment mental health for women, only one of 16 stressor ϫ gender interactions achieved statistical significance and an evaluation of the clinical significance of these interactions revealed that effects were trivial. Results suggest that female Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom service members may be as resilient to combat-related stress as men. Future research is needed to evaluate gender differences in the longer-term effects of combat exposure.

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“…Binge drinking and/or heavy alcohol use has been linked to military deployment in several studies (Federman, Bray, & Kroutil, 2000;Jacobson et al, 2008;Ramchand et al, 2011); and combat exposure has been linked not only to heavy drinking, but also with increased cigarette use and prescription opioid misuse (Adams, Larson, Corrigan, Horgan, & Williams, 2012;Bray, Hourani, & Williams, 2011;Jacobson et al, 2008;Shen, Arkes, & Williams, 2012). In a recent study of OEF/OIF veterans, 30.2% of men and 16.3% of women screened positive for hazardous drinking, and younger age was associated with hazardous drinking in both men and women (Cobb Scott et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between 2001 and2010, 190,302 AD military members had at least one medical visit involving an acute alcohol diagnosis (Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 2011a). In the Millennium Cohort Study (Jacobson et al, 2008), 47.3% (n = 6743) of service members who did not deploy to OEF/ OIF screened positive for a history of potential alcohol dependence at baseline. Despite these high rates of heavy alcohol use in the military, SUT rates are low among service members identified with SU problems (Hoge et al, 2004;Institute of Medicine, 2012), suggesting that SUT access and utilization in the military requires further inquiry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, military women have deployment roles similar to men (Smith, Jacobson, et al, 2007) increasing their risk for combat exposure, life-threatening injuries, and deployment-related health problems (Street, Vogt, & Dutra, 2009;Vogt et al, 2011). Although military men have heavier drinking patterns (Ames & Cunradi, 2004;Jacobson et al, 2008), military women have equal or higher rates of dependence symptoms and experience similar rates of alcohol-related problems as men at lower levels of consumption (Brown, Bray, & Hartzell, 2010). The Millennium Cohort Study also found a greater proportion of military women were heavy weekly drinkers (defined as more than 14 drinks weekly for men and more than 7 weekly for women) than men, and more military men were binge drinkers than women at baseline and at new-onset of problem drinking (Jacobson et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender differences in substance use treatment utilization the year prior to deployment in army service members

Wooten

Mohr

Lundgren

et al. 2014

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oAlthough military men have heavier drinking patterns, military women experience equal or higher rates of dependence symptoms and similar rates of alcohol-related problems as men at lower levels of consumption. Thus, gender may be important for understanding substance use treatment (SUT) utilization before deployment. Military health system data were analyzed to examine gender differences in both substance use diagnosis (SUDX) and SUT in 152,447 Army service members returning from deployments in FY2010. Propensity score analysis of probability of SUDX indicated that women had lower odds (AOR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.96) of military lifetime SUDX. After adjusting for lifetime SUDX using propensity score analysis, multivariate regression found women had substantially lower odds (AOR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.54-0.70) of using SUT the year prior to deployment. Findings suggest gender disparities in military-provided SUT and a need to consider whether military substance use assessment protocols are sensitive to gender differences.

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Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Problems Before and After Military Combat Deployment

Cited by 571 publications

References 73 publications

Physical comorbidities of post‐traumatic stress disorder in Australian Vietnam War veterans

Physical comorbidities of post‐traumatic stress disorder in Australian Vietnam War veterans

Gender differences in combat-related stressors and their association with postdeployment mental health in a nationally representative sample of U.S. OEF/OIF veterans.

Gender differences in substance use treatment utilization the year prior to deployment in army service members

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