Alcohol study on blood concentration estimation: Reliability and applicability of Widmark formula on Chinese male population

Yang, Chi-Ting; Fung, Wing K.; Tam, Thomas W.M.

doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.02.031

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…As a sensitivity analysis, we examined the relationship between BACs estimated using the Matthews and Miller formula and estimates using the Widmark formula, which is another approach to estimating BACs based upon self‐reported data 45–47 . We also compared our results from the Matthews and Miller BAC estimates to the ALCOPRO BAC Wheel (AlcoPro Inc., Knoxville, TN), which employs the Widmark formula.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Alcohol Misuse and Estimated Blood Alcohol Concentrations Among Emergency Department Patients: Implications for Brief Interventions

Trillo

Merchant²,

Baird³

et al. 2012

Academic Emergency Medicine

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Objectives The objective was to assess the relationship between alcohol use and misuse and patient sex among emergency department (ED) patients by comparing self-reported estimates of quantity and frequency of alcohol use; estimated blood alcohol concentrations (eBACs) when typically drinking, and during heavy episodic drinking (binging); and alcohol misuse severity, to understand sex differences in alcohol use and misuse for this population. Methods The authors surveyed a random sample of non-intoxicated, sub-critically ill or injured, 18 to 64 year-old English- or Spanish-speaking patients on randomly selected dates and times at two EDs during July 2009 and August 2009. Participants self-administered a questionnaire about their self-reported alcohol use during a typical month within the past 12 months, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Using the formulae by Matthews and Miller, sex-specific eBACs were calculated for participants according to their reported weight and the number of reported alcoholic drinks consumed on days when typically drinking, and on days of heavy episodic (binge) drinking (≥ 5 drinks/occasion for men, ≥ 4 drinks for women). Sex-specific alcohol misuse severity levels (low-risk, harmful, hazardous, and dependence) were calculated using AUDIT scores. Wilcoxon rank-sum and Pearson’s chi-square tests were used to compare outcomes by sex. Negative binomial regression was used to assess the relationship between sex and the number of drinks consumed on a typical day, the number of days spent drinking and binging, and estimated AUDIT scores. Logistic regression was used to assess the outcome of the presence of binging according to sex. Multinomial logistic regression was used to compare by sex the percentage of days spent drinking and binging in one month, eBACs when typically drinking and when binging, and AUDIT at-risk drinking levels. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. All models were adjusted for patient demographic characteristics. Results Of the 513 participants, 52.1% were women, 55.8% were white non-Hispanic, and their median age was 34 years (IQR 25 to 46 years). Men reported greater mean alcohol consumption than women when typically drinking (4.3 vs. 3.3 drinks per day; p < 0.001), and during heavy episodic drinking (8.6 vs. 5.3/drinks per occasion; p < 0.001). Men spent more days drinking (IRR 1.41, 95% CI = 1.19 to 1.65) and engaging in heavy episodic drinking (IRR 1.68, 95% CI = 1.31 to 2.17) than women. Additionally, men were more likely to engage in heavy episodic drinking (AOR 1.72, 95% CI = 1.16 to 2.56) than women. However, the mean eBACs for men and women were similar when typically drinking (0.05 vs. 0.06; p < 0.13) and during heavy episodic drinking (0.13 vs. 0.12; p < 0.13). Mean AUDIT scores were greater for men than women (7.5 vs. 5.3; p < 0.001), although alcohol misuse severity levels were similar between men and women (24.4% vs. 26.6% for hazardous, 2.8% vs. 2.2% ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Alcohol Misuse and Estimated Blood Alcohol Concentrations Among Emergency Department Patients: Implications for Brief Interventions

Trillo

Merchant²,

Baird³

et al. 2012

Academic Emergency Medicine

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“…Based on the results using the gamma model of alcohol elimination, the peak BrAC and corresponding time can be predicted accurately using Eq (14) and Eq (13), respectively (refer to Section 4.3). Fig 5 compares the estimated peak BrAC values under different doses, according to the results of the current model and that of linear model as established in previous studies [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Experimental study of the temporal profile of breath alcohol concentration in a Chinese population after a light meal

Li¹,

Sze²,

Wong³

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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In forensic science, the Widmark equation is widely used to deduce the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at different time points. But the linear model specified by Widmark might be deficient in predicting the breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) at different time points, and extrapolating the peak and the corresponding time. In order to establish the temporal profile of alcohol concentration which captures the effects of non-linear nature of alcohol absorption, elimination, and peak, in particular of Chinese population after a light meal, a drinking experiment was conducted in this study. To achieve this, a double-blind drinking experiment was conducted to measure the BrAC of 52 Chinese participants after a light meal in this study. Prior to the experiment, all participants were required to abstain from food for 4 hours, more importantly, from alcohol and sedatives for 24 hours. A standard light meal was provided about 30 minutes prior to the alcohol intake in the experiment. The BrAC was measured at a 10-minute interval during the absorption phase and 30-minute interval during the elimination phase respectively. The measurements were stopped when the BrAC fell to 0.010 mg/100 ml or below, or more than 8 hours after the alcohol intake. Then, the temporal profiles of BrAC, assuming linear and non-linear relationships, were established using Full Bayesian approach. The linear component indicated the alcohol impairment in normal social function, with which a light meal is usually accompanied with drinking. On the other hand, the non-linear (gamma distribution) part replicated the absorption phase, elimination phase, and the peak of alcohol concentration. The proposed model well performed than the conventional regression model. Additionally, the confounding factors including gender, body weight, and dosage were controlled for. Results should be useful for the development of cost-effective enforcement measures that could deter against drink driving.

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“…A different coefficient of variation should be used when it can be confidently determined whether a case had consumed 'craft' or more 'mainstream' products and take into consideration the %ABV category into which the products would fall. Therefore, this work makes a further contribution to understanding of the discrepancies that may be determined between alcohol consumed and that which is measured and calculated [21].…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 90%

Uncertainty in Widmark calculations: ABV variation in packaged versions of the most popular beers in the UK

Reid

Maskell

2019

Science & Justice

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Forensic practitioners regularly use the Widmark equation to determine theoretical blood alcohol concentrations for use in cases involving alcohol. It is important in these calculations to determine the uncertainty associated with any result. Previous work has investigated the uncertainty in %ABV from beers produced by small independent breweries in the UK but did not study the top selling beers. The top selling lagers and ales/bitters in the UK were identified by sales volume and the alcohol by volume determined. This data was then used to determine the percent coefficient of variation (%CV) that should be used by forensic practitioners when constructing alcohol technical defence reports for use in forensic cases. These samples, from what may be described as 'big' brewers, were determined to have a smaller root mean square error (RMSE) (±0.1 %v/v, n = 35), and %CV than those previously reported for beers produced by small, independent breweries in the UK. The results from this study shows that different RMSE's should be used for %ABV when determining the uncertainty of results from Widmark calculations when drinks have been consumed from either 'big' brewers or small, independent breweries.

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Alcohol study on blood concentration estimation: Reliability and applicability of Widmark formula on Chinese male population

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Sex Differences in Alcohol Misuse and Estimated Blood Alcohol Concentrations Among Emergency Department Patients: Implications for Brief Interventions

Sex Differences in Alcohol Misuse and Estimated Blood Alcohol Concentrations Among Emergency Department Patients: Implications for Brief Interventions

Experimental study of the temporal profile of breath alcohol concentration in a Chinese population after a light meal

Uncertainty in Widmark calculations: ABV variation in packaged versions of the most popular beers in the UK

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