Alcohol, Smoking and Pregnancy: some observations on ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom

Waterson, E. J.; Murray‐Lyon, Iain M.

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03467.x

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Another finding was lower odds of current smoking in pregnant Black and Hispanic women than pregnant White and Non-Hispanic women. The higher prevalence of smoking in Whites than Whites and Hispanics is well described in the literature [16][17][18][19][20]. Despite the protective (main) effects of race and ethnicity, we observed a differential effect of educational attainment on smoking of racial and ethnic groups, with pregnant Black and Hispanic women not gaining much from their educational attainment in terms of low smoking to pregnant White women.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

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Social Determinants of Cigarette Smoking among American Women during Pregnancy

Assari

Boyce

2021

Women

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Educational attainment is among the most substantial protective factors against cigarette smoking, including during pregnancy. Although Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) of educational attainment, defined as weaker protective effect of education for racial and ethnic minority groups compared to Non-Hispanic Whites, has been demonstrated in previous studies; such MDRs are not tested for cigarette smoking during pregnancy. To better understand the relevance of MDRs to tobacco use during pregnancy, this study had three aims: firstly, to investigate the association between educational attainment and cigarette smoking in pregnant women; secondly, to compare racial and ethnic groups for the association between educational attainment and cigarette smoking; and thirdly, to explore the mediating effect of poverty status on such MDRs, among American adults during pregnancy. This cross-sectional study explored a nationally representative sample of pregnant American women (n = 338), which was taken from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH; 2013). Current smoking was the outcome. Educational attainment was the independent variable. Region and age were the covariates. Poverty status was the mediator. Race and ethnicity were the effect modifiers. Overall, a higher level of educational attainment (OR = 0.54, p < 0.05) was associated with lower odds of current smoking among pregnant women. Race (OR = 2.04, p < 0.05) and ethnicity (OR = 2.12, p < 0.05) both showed significant interactions with educational attainment on smoking, suggesting that the protective effect of educational attainment against smoking during pregnancy is smaller for Blacks and Hispanics than Non-Hispanic Whites. Poverty status fully mediated the above interactions. In the United States, highly educated pregnant Black and Hispanic women remain at higher risk of smoking cigarettes, possibly because they are more likely to live in poverty, compared to their White counterparts. The results suggest the role that labor market discrimination has in explaining lower returns of educational attainment in terms of less cigarette smoking by racial and ethnic minority pregnant women.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…Similar to the social inequalities in health [13,14], and tobacco use [15], racial/ethnic minority status [16][17][18][19][20] and socioeconomic status (SES) [21][22][23][24][25] are strong social determinants of smoking during pregnancy. Black and Hispanic women may also be at high risk of smoking during pregnancy [1,8,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Determinants of Cigarette Smoking among American Women during Pregnancy

Assari

Boyce

2021

Women

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“…Chronic high alcohol intake during pregnancy is associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which encompasses a range of developmental problems, including characteristic facial features, altered neurodevelopment, cognitive and behavioural disabilities and fetal growth restriction (FGR). It is recognised that FASD is entirely preventable through alcohol abstinence but worldwide 30%, and up to 60%, of pregnant women consume alcohol during pregnancy [2]–[5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detrimental Effects of Ethanol and Its Metabolite Acetaldehyde, on First Trimester Human Placental Cell Turnover and Function

et al. 2014

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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) describes developmental issues from high maternal alcohol intake, which commonly results in fetal growth restriction and long term morbidity. We aimed to investigate the effect of alcohol and acetaldehyde, on the first trimester placenta, the period essential for normal fetal organogenesis. Normal invasion and establishment of the placenta during this time are essential for sustaining fetal viability to term. We hypothesise that alcohol (ethanol) and acetaldehyde have detrimental effects on cytotrophoblast invasion, turnover and placental function. Taurine is an important amino acid for neuronal and physiological development, and so, its uptake was assayed in cells and placental explants exposed to alcohol or acetaldehyde. First trimester villous explants and BeWo cells were treated with 0, 10, 20, 40 mM ethanol or 0, 10, 20, 40 µM acetaldehyde. The invasive capacity of SGHPL4, a first trimester extravillous cytotrophoblast cell line, was unaffected by ethanol or acetaldehyde (p>0.05; N = 6). The cells in-cycle were estimated using immunostaining for Ki67. Proliferating trophoblast cells treated with ethanol were decreased in both experiments (explants: 40% at 20 mM and 40 mM, p<0.05, N = 8–9) (cell line: 5% at 20 mM and 40 mM, p<0.05, N = 6). Acetaldehyde also reduced Ki67-positive cells in both experiments (explants at 40 µM p<0.05; N = 6) (cell line at 10 µM and 40 µM; p<0.05; N = 7). Only in the cell line at 20 µM acetaldehyde demonstrated increased apoptosis (p<0.05; N = 6). Alcohol inhibited taurine transport in BeWo cells at 10 mM and 40 mM (p<0.05; N = 6), and in placenta at 40 mM (p<0.05; N = 7). Acetaldehyde did not affect taurine transport in either model (P<0.05; N = 6). Interestingly, system A amino acid transport in placental explants was increased at 10 µM and 40 µM acetaldehyde exposure (p<0.05; N = 6). Our results demonstrate that exposure to both genotoxins may contribute to the pathogenesis of FASD by reducing placental growth. Alcohol also reduces the transport of taurine, which is vital for developmental neurogenesis.

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