Alcohol‐related biases in selective attention and action tendency make distinct contributions to dysregulated drinking behaviour

Sharbanee, Jason M.; Stritzke, Werner G. K.; Wiers, Reinout W.; MacLeod, Colin

doi:10.1111/add.12256

Cited by 29 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Therefore, a main effect of approach bias may be more likely found in samples with low inhibitory control (e.g., overweight or obese individuals) than in the present sample (which had on average good inhibitory control). Taken together, the results confirm that attentional and approach biases are two distinctive types of cognitive bias, which is consistent with previous research in the alcohol domain (Sharbanee et al, 2013). Although both attentional and approach biases are components of automatic processing, the current findings suggest that approach bias may be more pertinent to understanding the association between food cues and eating behaviour.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…One possible explanation for these contradictory findings is that attentional and approach biases behave differently, as has been evidenced by research in the alcohol domain. Specifically, Sharbanee, Stritzke, Wiers, and MacLeod (2013) demonstrated that these two cognitive biases are distinct mechanisms that can make independent contributions to consumption. Another potential explanation for the overall mixed evidence is that the previous research has not taken into account the role of controlled processing in consumption.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Combined effects of cognitive bias for food cues and poor inhibitory control on unhealthy food intake

2015

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Please cite this as: Kakoschke, N., Kemps, E., and Tiggemann, M., 2015. Combined effects of cognitive bias for food cues and poor inhibitory control on unhealthy food intake. Appetite, 87, We are grateful to Paul Douglas for developing the software for the computerised administration of the dot probe task, the approach-avoidance task, and the go/no-go task.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Naomi Kakoschke, School of Psychology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.Electronic mail may be sent to Naomi.Kakoschke@flinders.edu.au COGNITIVE BIAS, POOR INHIBITORY CONTROL AND FOOD INTAKE 2 AbstractThe present study aimed to investigate the combined effects of cognitive bias (attentional and approach biases) and inhibitory control on unhealthy snack food intake. Cognitive biases reflect automatic processing, while inhibitory control is an important component of controlled processing. Participants were 146 undergraduate women who completed a dot probe task to assess attentional bias and an approach-avoidance task to asses approach bias. Inhibitory control was measured with a food-specific go/no-go task. Unhealthy snack food intake was measured using a so-called "taste test". There was a significant interaction between approach bias and inhibitory control on unhealthy snack food intake. Specifically, participants who showed a strong approach bias combined with low inhibitory control consumed the most snack food. Theoretically, the results support contemporary dual-process models which propose that behaviour is guided by both automatic and controlled processing systems. At a practical level, the results offer potential scope for an intervention that combines re-training of both automatic and controlled processing. COGNITIVE BIAS, POOR INHIBITORY CONTROL AND FOOD INTAKE 3 Combined Effects of Cognitive Bias for Food Cues and Poor Inhibitory Control on Unhealthy Food IntakeDuring the last three decades, the global prevalence of overweight and obesity has doubled, with 35% of adults classified as overweight and 11% as obese (WHO, 2013). One important contributor to chronic health problems such as overweight and obesity is unhealthy eating (NHMRC, 2003). The contemporary Western diet is characterised by unhealthy eating, in particular consuming too much fat, salt and sugar. Given the potential negative health consequences of unhealthy eating, it is important to investigate the cognitive mechanisms that underlie such behaviour. Specifically, recent theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence suggest that automatic and controlled cognitive processing make important contributions to unhealthy behaviour.Dual-process models (e.g., Strack & Deutsch, 2004) propose that our behaviour is determined by two different information processing systems, i.e., automatic and controlled processing. Automatic processing is fast, implicit and effortless, and includes affective (i.e., attitudes, preferences) and motivational (i.e., attending to, approaching) responses to relevant stimuli, s...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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confidence: 99%

Combined effects of cognitive bias for food cues and poor inhibitory control on unhealthy food intake

2015

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“…Our results question predictions from 2-systems models for a direct relationship between motivational biases and inhibitory control performance (Field and Cox, 2008;Strack and Deutsch, 2004), and rather suggest that i) modifications in the ability to withhold responses to incentive-motivational stimuli only manifest in situations of extreme biases and/or abnormally low inhibition (Dawe et al, 2004) ii) ABM might modify a type of bias that do not directly influence control capacities (e.g. attentional vs. approach bias; Sharbanee et al, 2013) or iii) that decision-related "cognitive" impulsivity which would interact with AB, should be distinguished from the "motor" impulsivity measured in our study (de Wit and Richards, 2004;Olmstead, 2006;Reynolds et al, 2006). Our negative results however call for emphasizing that automatic and controlled systems in dual process models might be independent from each other.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 85%

Spatiotemporal brain dynamics underlying attentional bias modifications

Sallard

Hartmann

Ptak

et al. 2018

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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Exaggerated attentional biases toward specific elements of the environment contribute to the maintenance of several psychiatric conditions, such as biases to threatening faces in social anxiety. Although recent literature indicates that attentional bias modification may constitute an effective approach for psychiatric remediation, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. We addressed this question by recording EEG in 24 healthy participants performing a modified dot-probe task in which pairs of neutral cues (colored shapes) were replaced by probe stimuli requiring a discrimination judgment. To induce an attentional bias toward or away from the cues, the probes were systematically presented either at the same or at the opposite position of a specific cue color. This paradigm enabled participants to spontaneously develop biases to initially unbiased, neutral cues, as measured by the response speed to the probe presented after the cues. Behavioral result indicated that the ABM procedure induced approach and avoidance biases. The influence of ABM on inhibitory control was assessed in a separated Go/NoGo task: changes in AB did not influence participants' capacity to inhibit their responses to the cues. Attentional bias modification was associated with a topographic modulation of event-related potentials already 50-84 ms following the onset of the cues. Statistical analyses of distributed electrical source estimations revealed that the development of attentional biases was associated with decreased activity in the left temporo-parieto-occipital junction. These findings suggest that attentional bias modification affects early sensory processing phases related to the extraction of information based on stimulus saliency.

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“…This suggests that alcohol consumption was driven more by the action tendency than by selective attention immediately post-training, whereas both processes may make a more equal contribution to drinking behaviour in other situations (e.g., [9]). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Approach/Avoidance Training on Alcohol Consumption Is Mediated by Change in Alcohol Action Tendency

Sharbanee

Stritzke

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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Training people to respond to alcohol images by making avoidance joystick movements can affect subsequent alcohol consumption, and has shown initial efficacy as a treatment adjunct. However, the mechanisms that underlie the training’s efficacy are unknown. The present study aimed to determine 1) whether the training’s effect is mediated by a change in action tendency or a change in selective attention, and 2) whether the training’s effect is moderated by individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC). Three groups of social drinkers (total N = 74) completed either approach-alcohol training, avoid-alcohol training or a sham-training on the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Participants’ WMC was assessed prior to training, while their alcohol-related action tendency and selective attention were assessed before and after the training on the recently developed Selective-Attention/Action Tendency Task (SA/ATT), before finally completing an alcohol taste-test. There was no significant main effect of approach/avoidance training on alcohol consumption during the taste-test. However, there was a significant indirect effect of training on alcohol consumption mediated by a change in action tendency, but no indirect effect mediated by a change in selective attention. There was inconsistent evidence of WMC moderating training efficacy, with moderation found only for the effect of approach-alcohol training on the AAT but not on the SA/ATT. Thus approach/avoidance training affects alcohol consumption specifically by changing the underlying action tendency. Multiple training sessions may be required in order to observe more substantive changes in drinking behaviour.

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Alcohol‐related biases in selective attention and action tendency make distinct contributions to dysregulated drinking behaviour

Abstract: Biases in selective attention and action tendency appear to be distinct mechanisms that contribute independently to difficulty regulating alcohol consumption. Treatment components that could be combined to target both mechanisms could enhance treatment outcomes for alcohol-use disorders.

Cited by 29 publications

References 37 publications

Combined effects of cognitive bias for food cues and poor inhibitory control on unhealthy food intake

Combined effects of cognitive bias for food cues and poor inhibitory control on unhealthy food intake

Spatiotemporal brain dynamics underlying attentional bias modifications

The Effect of Approach/Avoidance Training on Alcohol Consumption Is Mediated by Change in Alcohol Action Tendency

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