Alcohol outlets, social disorganization, and robberies: Accounting for neighborhood characteristics and alcohol outlet types

Snowden, Aleksandra J.; Freiburger, Tina L.

doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.01.011

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…This conclusion is consistent with the previous analysis of alcohol outlet availability in Baltimore City from 2005–2010 as well as the literature from other large (>200,00 residents) cities in the US (Branas et al, 2009, R. Britt et al, 2005, Zhu et al, 2006, Yu et al, 2008, Parker et al, 2011, Toomey et al, 2012, Snowden and Freiburger, 2015). In Baltimore, a 10% increase in alcohol outlet access was associated with a 4.2% in exposure to violent crime.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The findings from this study are consistent with the majority of the literature that demonstrates a stronger association between off-premise outlets (compared to on-premise outlets) and violent crime (Pridemore and Grubesic, 2012b, Grubesic et al, 2013, Snowden and Freiburger, 2015, Lipton et al, 2013, Gorman et al, 2005, Gruenewald et al, 2006, Branas et al, 2009, Day et al, 2012, Snowden, 2016, Pridemore and Grubesic, 2013). However, some elements of this analysis differ from previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In line with these hypotheses, most cross-sectional studies that compare on- and off-premise outlets have found a stronger association between off-premise alcohol outlets and violent crime overall (i.e., homicide, aggravated assault, sexual assault, and robbery) (Gorman et al, 2005, Lipton et al, 2013), and separately, assault (Pridemore and Grubesic, 2012b, Grubesic et al, 2013, Gruenewald et al, 2006) and robbery (Snowden and Freiburger, 2015). Using cross-sectional data from Baltimore City, Jennings et al (2014) found that each additional off-premise alcohol outlet in a census tract was associated with a larger increase in violent crime than on-premise outlets (Jennings et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Outlet Type, Access to Alcohol, and Violent Crime

Trangenstein

Curriero

Webster

et al. 2018

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background: While there is overwhelming data supporting the association between alcohol outlet density and violent crime, there remain conflicting findings about whether on- or off-premise outlets have a stronger association. This inconsistency may be in part a result of the methods used to calculate alcohol outlet density and violent crime. This analysis uses routine activity theory and spatial access methods to study the association between access to alcohol outlets and violent crime, including type of outlet and type of crime in Baltimore, Maryland. Methods: The data in this analysis include alcohol outlets from 2016 (n=1,204), violent crimes from 2012–2016 (n=51,006), and markers of social disorganization, including owner-occupied housing, median annual household income, drug arrests, and population density. The analysis used linear regression to determine the association between access to alcohol outlets and violent crime exposure. Results: Each 10% increase in alcohol outlet access was associated with a 4.2% increase in violent crime exposure (β=0.43, 95% CI 0.33, 0.52, p<0.001). A 10% increase in access to off-premise outlets (4.4%, β=0.45, 95% CI 0.33, 0.57, p<0.001) and LBD-7 outlets (combined off- and on-premise outlets) (4.2%, β=0.43, 95% CI 0.33, 0.52, p<0.001) had a greater association with violent crime than on-premise outlets (3.0%, β=0.31, 95% CI 0.20, 0.41, p<0.001). Conclusions: Access to outlets that allow for off-site consumption had a greater association with violent crime than outlets that only permit on-site consumption. The lack of effective measures to keep order in and around off-premise outlets could attract or multiply violent crime.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Outlet Type, Access to Alcohol, and Violent Crime

Trangenstein

Curriero

Webster

et al. 2018

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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“…Rather, if a neighbor is having a mental health issue, residents may be more willing to check on the neighbor directly and provide informal support or know someone, such as a family member, that can help, reducing the need to call the police. In short, the occurrence of mental health crisis calls were largely attributable to the characteristics of the residents and social dynamics on the street and they were less impacted by opportunity features of streets that have been identified in many prior studies (Groff & Lockwood, 2014;McCord et al, 2007;Snowden & Freiburger, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Overall, studies have demonstrated support for the influence of crime attractors and generators. For instance, research has pointed to the influence of parks (Groff & McCord, ), stadiums (Kurland, Johnson, & Tilley, ), transportation hubs like bus stops or Metro/subways stations (Groff & Lockwood, ; Irvin‐Erickson & LaVigne, ) and bars/alcohol outlets (Groff & Lockwood, ; Snowden & Freiburger, ) on crime. Other place features, like the presence of schools, have been found to generate disorder offenses (Groff & Lockwood, ).…”

Section: Explaining Crime Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the role of service providers, land use, and resident characteristics on the occurrence of mental health crisis calls to the police

White

Goldberg

Hibdon

et al. 2019

Journal Community Psychology

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Similar to concentrations of crime, mental health calls have been found to concentrate at a small number of places, but few have considered the context of places where mental health calls occur. The current study examines the influence of the physical and social context of street segments, particularly the role of service providers, land use features of the street and nearby area, and characteristics of residents on the likelihood of a mental health crisis call to the police occurring on the street. The findings demonstrate that the social context, such as offending and drug use among residents, levels of social cohesion and community involvement, and drug and violent crime influenced the occurrence of mental health crisis calls. Findings from this study make theoretical and practical contributions to a number of disciplines by improving our understanding of where mental health crisis calls occur and why they are found at specific places.

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A systems framework depicting how complex neighborhood dynamics and contextual factors could impact the effectiveness of an alcohol outlet zoning policy

Matson

Stankov

Lich

et al. 2021

American J of Comm Psychol

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An updated zoning policy eliminating all alcohol outlets (liquor stores) in residential districts was implemented to reduce high rates of violent crime in Baltimore City. Diverse stakeholders were engaged in group model building (GMB) activities to develop causal loop diagrams (CLDs) that elucidate the impact of the new zoning policy on crime, and more broadly, the potentially unintended social and environmental consequences of the policy. Three distinct groups, community advocates, city officials/academics, and community residents, participated in three separate GMB sessions. Three CLDs, one from each stakeholder group, were created to depict the possible outcomes of the zoning policy. Our findings offer insight into potential unintended consequences of removing liquor stores from residential areas that may undermine the policy. Community members described the need for additional supports related to mental health and substance use, opportunities for investment in the community, access to other goods and services, and community‐police relations to ensure the policy achieved its intended goal of reducing violent crime. Our findings highlight the importance of timely engagement of local stakeholders to understand how complex neighborhood dynamics and contextual factors could impact the effectiveness of a zoning policy change.

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Alcohol outlets, social disorganization, and robberies: Accounting for neighborhood characteristics and alcohol outlet types

Cited by 29 publications

References 53 publications

Outlet Type, Access to Alcohol, and Violent Crime

Outlet Type, Access to Alcohol, and Violent Crime

Understanding the role of service providers, land use, and resident characteristics on the occurrence of mental health crisis calls to the police

A systems framework depicting how complex neighborhood dynamics and contextual factors could impact the effectiveness of an alcohol outlet zoning policy

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