Alcohol demand, delayed reward discounting, and craving in relation to drinking and alcohol use disorders.

MacKillop, James; Miranda, Robert; Monti, Peter M.; Ray, Lara A.; Murphy, James G.; Rohsenow, Damaris J.; McGeary, John E.; Swift, Robert M.; Tidey, Jennifer W.; Gwaltney, Chad J.

doi:10.1037/a0017513

Cited by 256 publications

(319 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…Thus, in this case both punishment resistance and preferred level of drug intake are expected to contribute to the total shock selfadministered. Of note, Q 0 has been reported to be associated with alcohol-related problems and misuse (10,11,14) and nicotine dependence (12,13), and could be a clinically relevant measure of addiction severity. This is consistent with the view that Q 0 parameter is similar to hedonic set point (8), a concept thought to be important in addiction behavior (31,43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Economic demand is associated with measures of addiction in humans for several drugs, such as lifetime years of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and benzodiazepine use (15); severity of alcohol dependence (10,11,14) and craving (16); as well as severity of nicotine dependence (12,13) and craving (17). A model of economic demand was recently validated in cocaine-dependent participants (9), providing the means for ready, direct comparison of animal and human studies of addiction treatments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They offer a structured quantitative method to model behavior that is mathematically identical across species (7)(8)(9), and accruing evidence indicates economic-based descriptors of human behavior may be particularly useful biomarkers of addiction severity (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Notably, economic demand has been shown to correlate with lifetime years of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and benzodiazepine use (15); severity of alcohol dependence (10,11,14) and craving (16); as well as severity of nicotine dependence (12,13) and craving (17). However, economic demand has not yet been established as a biomarker of addictionlike behavior in animals, an essential final step in linking animal and human studies of addiction through economic demand.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Economic demand predicts addiction-like behavior and therapeutic efficacy of oxytocin in the rat

Bentzley

Jhou

Aston‐Jones

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

149

208

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Development of new treatments for drug addiction will depend on high-throughput screening in animal models. However, an addiction biomarker fit for rapid testing, and useful in both humans and animals, is not currently available. Economic models are promising candidates. They offer a structured quantitative approach to modeling behavior that is mathematically identical across species, and accruing evidence indicates economic-based descriptors of human behavior may be particularly useful biomarkers of addiction severity. However, economic demand has not yet been established as a biomarker of addiction-like behavior in animals, an essential final step in linking animal and human studies of addiction through economic models. We recently developed a mathematical approach for rapidly modeling economic demand in rats trained to self-administer cocaine. We show here that economic demand, as both a spontaneous trait and induced state, predicts addiction-like behavior, including relapse propensity, drug seeking in abstinence, and compulsive (punished) drug taking. These findings confirm economic demand as a biomarker of addiction-like behavior in rats. They also support the view that excessive motivation plays an important role in addiction while extending the idea that drug dependence represents a shift from initially recreational to compulsive drug use. Finally, we found that economic demand for cocaine predicted the efficacy of a promising pharmacotherapy (oxytocin) in attenuating cocaineseeking behaviors across individuals, demonstrating that economic measures may be used to rapidly identify the clinical utility of prospective addiction treatments.behavioral economics | reinstatement | extinction | long access | punished responding T here are currently no approved pharmacotherapies for the treatment of cocaine addiction, and timely development of future treatments will depend on animal models that predict the efficacy of treatment in human addicts. This requires a biomarker of addiction suitable for rapid testing in animals, and applicable in humans. However, animal models of neuropsychiatric diseases generally lack predictive validity (1, 2), and prevalent approaches that use drug self-administration in animals have not yet led to a successful clinical treatment for psychostimulant dependence (3, 4).Economic models provide more promising approaches for this needed cross-species addiction biomarker (5, 6). They offer a structured quantitative method to model behavior that is mathematically identical across species (7-9), and accruing evidence indicates economic-based descriptors of human behavior may be particularly useful biomarkers of addiction severity (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Notably, economic demand has been shown to correlate with lifetime years of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and benzodiazepine use (15); severity of alcohol dependence (10,11,14) and craving (16); as well as severity of nicotine dependence (12, 13) and craving (17). However, economic demand has not yet been established as a biomarker of addictionli...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Economic demand predicts addiction-like behavior and therapeutic efficacy of oxytocin in the rat

Bentzley

Jhou

Aston‐Jones

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

149

208

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“…Research has shown that demand indices obtained from hypothetical purchase tasks have a high correspondence to other measures of abuse or dependence severity [5][6][7][8] , and other behavioral economic valuation procedures demonstrate high concordance between hypothetical and real rewards.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These indices can be grouped into two main measures of consumption, demand intensity and demand elasticity, which are associated with use level and dependence severity. [5][6][7][8] Demand intensity is the amount of the commodity consumed when available at a very low cost approaching free, and demand elasticity quantifies the degree to which the individual is willing to increase monetary or effort-based expenditures to maintain the same level of consumption as costs increase. Elasticity of demand has been shown to be a characteristic of the drug itself and independent of drug dose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Experimental Income on Demand for Potentially Real Cigarettes

Koffarnus

Wilson

Bickel

2014

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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IntroductionEconomic demand analyses quantify the relationship between the cost of a commodity and population-level measures of consumption of that commodity. In the case of cigarettes, these analyses largely depend on abrupt fluctuations in price caused by the assessment of new taxes on cigarettes. Studies of this type have found that cigarette consumption is related to price, and that the sensitivity to price, or demand elasticity, is greatest among lower income people.1-3 Behavioral economic demand analyses are analogous to these population-level analyses, but can be used to understand the level of motivation to consume a product on either an individual or small group level, including cigarettes. 4,5 This level of analysis allows for experimental manipulations to be made on variables of interest. By quantifying how consumption decreases as costs to obtain and consume a product increase, important indices of demand are obtained. These indices can be grouped into two main measures of consumption, demand intensity and demand elasticity, which are associated with use level and dependence severity. 5-8Demand intensity is the amount of the commodity consumed when available at a very low cost approaching free, and demand elasticity quantifies the degree to which the individual is willing to increase monetary or effort-based expenditures to maintain the AbstractIntroduction: Cigarette demand, or the change in cigarette consumption as a function of price, is a measure of reinforcement that is associated with level of tobacco dependence and other clinically relevant measures, but the effects of experimentally controlled income on real-world cigarette consumption have not been examined. Methods:In this study, income available for cigarette purchases was manipulated to assess the effect on cigarette demand. Tobacco-dependent cigarette smokers (n = 15) who smoked 10-40 cigarettes per day completed a series of cigarette purchasing tasks under a variety of income conditions meant to mimic different weekly cigarette budgets: $280, approximately $127, $70, or approximately $32 per week. Prices of $0.12, $0.25, $0.50, and $1.00 per cigarette were assessed in each income condition. Participants were instructed to purchase as many cigarettes as they would like for the next week and to only consume cigarettes purchased in the context of the study. One price in 1 income condition was randomly chosen to be "real, " and the cigarettes and the excess money in the budget for that condition were given to the participant. Results: Results indicate that demand elasticity was negatively correlated with income. Demand intensity (consumption at low prices) was unrelated to income condition and remained high across incomes. Conclusions:These results indicate that the amount of income that is available for cigarette purchases has a large effect on cigarette consumption, but only at high prices.

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