Alcohol Consumption, Pregnancy, and Low Birthweight

Wright, J. T.; Barrison, I. G.; Lewis, Israel; MacRae, K D; Waterson, E. J.; Toplis, P.; Gordon, M.G.; Morris, Norman; Murray‐Lyon, Iain M.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)91964-5

Cited by 134 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Similar results identifying a potentiating effect of alcohol on the effect of tobacco on newborn size in humans have been found in studies on cohorts from Denmark (Olsen et al, 1991), England (Wright et al, 1983;Brooke et al, 1989;Haste et al, 1991), and the USA (Sokol et al, 1980;Day et al, 1992). However, a similar study on a US cohort was only able to identify a synergistic effect of prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposure on birthweight in infants of mothers greater than 30 years of age (Jacobson et al, 1994).…”

Section: Evidence In Humanssupporting

confidence: 78%

A study of the consequences of early gestational ethanol and/or nicotine exposure in the mouse

Yamada¹

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The in utero environment is a critical determinant of the immediate and future health of the developing fetus. In Australia, two of the most commonly used drugs during pregnancy are alcohol and nicotine. Prolonged periods of gestational exposure to alcohol and nicotine, separately, have been associated with a range of adverse outcomes in the offspring, in both humans and experimental animal models. The consequences of ethanol and nicotine exposure restricted to early gestation on resultant offspring are poorly characterised, and few animal models exist to build greater understanding. Moreover, the immediate molecular changes associated with exposures to ethanol and/or nicotine restricted to early gestation has yet to be described.This thesis utilised mouse models of early gestational ethanol and/or nicotine exposure to explore the impact of each of these exposures on offspring growth, as well as their associated transcriptional and epigenetic changes. In each model, pregnant C57BL/6 dams were provided with ad libitum access to solutions of 10% ethanol and/or 100 µg/ml nicotine from fertilisation (0.5 dpc) to midgestation (8.5 dpc). The exposure window utilised in each of the models is developmentally equivalent to the first three to four weeks of a human pregnancy.Previously, our laboratory identified reduced growth, microcephaly, and gene expression changes in the liver and hippocampus of the postnatal offspring of the model of prenatal ethanol exposure utilised in this thesis. In contrast, at mid-gestation (9.5 dpc), there was no evidence of developmental delay (somite number), reduced growth (crown-rump length), or microcephaly.Further, a genome-wide gene expression microarray (targeting 30 855 genes) and a screen of the expression of 641 microRNAs, identified only one gene (Bcl11b) as differentially expressed in male 9.5 dpc whole embryos following the ethanol exposure. These data suggest that there is a delay between the ethanol exposure and the onset of adverse phenotypes -arguing that the embryo is somehow able to form a memory of the ethanol exposure. The absence of widespread transcriptional changes suggests that changes in embryonic mRNA and microRNA expression are unlikely to be major contributors to the memory of the exposure.A early gestational model of nicotine exposure was newly established in this thesis. This nicotine exposure resulted in an average serum cotinine (metabolite of nicotine) concentration similar to that reported in humans who smoke 10 to 15 cigarettes per day. This exposure was sufficient to induce a reduction in body size both at mid-gestation and postnatally, but not at late gestation. Furthermore, the increased expression of Zscan10 in the whole male 9.5 dpc embryo was identified and validated across multiple cohorts. Zscan10 encodes for a transcription factor expressed throughout development, with a proposed role in the regulation of progenitor cells. The increased expression of Zscan10 in the nicotine-exposed embryos was associated with a reduction in DNA methylation ...

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Section: Evidence In Humanssupporting

confidence: 78%

A study of the consequences of early gestational ethanol and/or nicotine exposure in the mouse

Yamada¹

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“…The effect of moderate alcohol consumption seemed to be an interactive one since it had no effect on its own. Wright et al [58] found a significantly increased risk of low birth weight children among mothers drinking more than 10 drinks/week who smoked and were of lower SES. Brooke et al [9] also found that alcohol had an adverse effect on birth weight only in children of smokers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and physical outcomes up to 5 years of age: a longitudinal study

O’Callaghan

Najman

et al. 2003

Early Human Development

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Aim: To examine whether alcohol exposure in pregnancy affects weight and head circumference (HC) at birth and 5 years, and whether these effects are independent of cigarette exposure in pregnancy and social disadvantage.Study design: The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) involves a prospective cohort of 8556 mothers who were enrolled at first antenatal visit. The quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption in early and late pregnancy and a measure of binge drinking in early pregnancy were recorded. Weight and HC were measured on children seen at birth and at 5 years. Level of cigarette use in early pregnancy and maternal age and level of education and family income were also measured.Results: Light and moderate alcohol consumption in early or later pregnancy had no independent effects on weight or HC at birth or 5 years. Binge drinking in early pregnancy was not associated with restricted HC, and there was no effect modification by concurrent cigarette use in early pregnancy. An apparent effect of alcohol in late pregnancy on birth weight was due to confounding by cigarette use, with social risk being an independent predictor. Conclusion:Alcohol ingestion up to moderate levels in pregnancy was not associated with deficits in either weight or HC at birth or at 5 years.

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“…The fetal alcohol syndrome-a combination of growth retardation, facial abnormalities, mental retardation and other congenital anomalies-has been well-documented since the 1970s (Jones & Smith, 1975;Jones et al, 1973;Surgeon General, 1981). Alcohol consumption in pregnancy can be associated with an increase in spontaneous abortions, especially in the second trimester (Surgeon General, 1981;Harlap & Shiono, 1980), low birthweight infants (Surgeon General, 1981;Wright et al, 1983) and abruptio placentae (Surgeon General, 1981;Marbury, Linn & Monson, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking and alcohol consumption by Flemish pregnant women, 1966–83

Lodewijckx¹,

Groof

1990

J. Biosoc. Sci.

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Between 1966 and 1983 the percentage of women who smoked or consumed alcohol during pregnancy increased considerably. Tobacco use was negatively, and alcohol consumption positively, correlated with the mother's level of education. Markedly more adolescents than older women smoked during pregnancy. Beer, wine and liquor consumption were highest among older pregnant women. The majority of women did not alter their smoking and drinking behaviour during their successive pregnancies.

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Alcohol Consumption, Pregnancy, and Low Birthweight

Cited by 134 publications

References 14 publications

A study of the consequences of early gestational ethanol and/or nicotine exposure in the mouse

A study of the consequences of early gestational ethanol and/or nicotine exposure in the mouse

Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and physical outcomes up to 5 years of age: a longitudinal study

Smoking and alcohol consumption by Flemish pregnant women, 1966–83

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