Alcohol Consumption by Pregnant Women in the United States During 1988–1995

Factors Associated With Alcohol Use, Depression, and Their Co‐occurrence During Pregnancy

“…We did not find that marital status was a protective factor against alcohol use, depression, or their co-occurrence later in pregnancy. Other reports have also reported that pregnant women with a higher level of education were more likely to abstain from drinking (Caetano et al, 2006;Ebrahim et al, 1998). We did not find education to be a predictor of second and third trimester alcohol use among women who drank in the first trimester.…”

“…In the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), the women surveyed were asked only about their alcohol use in the past month, so women who used alcohol before the past month would have been classified as nondrinkers. In addition, the BRFSS alcohol use questions changed between study years, which could have affected the rates that were reported (Ebrahim et al, 1998). It is also possible that the factors that predict use or nonuse of alcohol may not be the same as the variables that predict continued use across pregnancy, or depression, or the cooccurrence of alcohol and depression in later pregnancy.…”

Brief Intervention for Prenatal Alcohol Use: A Randomized Trial

“…More education, temptation to drink in social situations, previous drinking history of more consumption for longer periods of time, and more prenatal drinking at enrollment all predicted more antenatal alcohol use, consistent with previous studies. 14,29 On the other hand, more confidence in managing temptation to drink in social situations was associated with less drinking. However, it is also noted that all subjects expressed maximum confidence in managing other risk situations for drinking alcohol and yet, fewer than 20% were abstinent at the time of study enrollment.…”

Changes in the Prevalence of Alcohol Use during Pregnancy among Recent and At-Risk Drinkers in the NLSY Cohort

“…6,8,9 Detailed chronologies of the FAS prevention story are available elsewhere. [10][11][12][13] Most recently, the 2005 surgeon general's health advisory on alcohol use in pregnancy cautioned women who are even considering pregnancy to abstain from alcohol. 14 Only the Federal Beverage Labeling Act, which was passed in 1988 and implemented in 1989, has been well studied to date.…”