Alcohol Biomarkers in Hair

Pragst, F.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801700-5.00004-2

Cited by 11 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…2 Previous SoHT consensus documents 17 are regularly updated and, in the most recent issue, the SoHT also recommends to "powder hair prior to the extraction of EtG". These cut-off values were originally determined on the basis of several prevalence and observational studies, meta-analyses, and prudential considerations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic optimisation of ethyl glucuronide extraction conditions from scalp hair by design of experiments and its potential effect on cut‐off values appraisal

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Biosa

Seganti

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The quantitative determination of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in hair samples is consistently used throughout the world to assess chronic excessive alcohol consumption. For administrative and legal purposes, the analytical results are compared with cut-off values recognised by regulatory authorities and scientific societies. However, it has been recently recognised that the analytical results depend on the hair sample pretreatment procedures, including the crumbling and extraction conditions. A systematic evaluation of the EtG extraction conditions from pulverised scalp hair was conducted by Design of Experiments (DoE) considering the extraction time, temperature, pH, and solvent composition as potential influencing factors. It was concluded that an overnight extraction at 60°C with pure water at neutral pH represents the most effective conditions to achieve high extraction yields. The absence of differential degradation of the internal standard (isotopically-labelled EtG) under such conditions was confirmed and the overall analytical method was validated according to SGWTOX and ISO17025 criteria. Twenty real hair samples with different EtG content were analysed with 3 commonly accepted procedures: (a) hair manually cut in snippets and extracted at room temperature; (b) pulverised hair extracted at room temperature; (c) hair treated with the optimised method. Average increments of EtG concentration around 69% (from a to c) and 29% (from b to c) were recorded. In light of these results, the authors urge the scientific community to undertake an inter-laboratory study with the aim of defining more in detail the optimal hair EtG detection method and verifying the corresponding cut-off level for legal enforcements.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic optimisation of ethyl glucuronide extraction conditions from scalp hair by design of experiments and its potential effect on cut‐off values appraisal

Alladio

Biosa

Seganti

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…During the entire procedure for FAEE analysis, the use of plastic (as recipients, vials or gloves) was avoided due to the potential interference of such materials in the analysis (Pragst, 2015). The mixture was allowed to cool at room temperature, and 20 μL of IS was added.…”

Section: Hair Processing and Extraction Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EtG, ethyl glucuronide abstinence, but does not necessarily prove strict abstinence (Kintz, 2015). One important fact to be noted is that the analysed samples were obtained from subjects that did not report the use of any aggressive cosmetic treatments that could affect alcohol biomarker concentration (bleaching, dyeing, use of alcohol containing products) (Albermann, Musshoff, & Madea, 2011;Crunelle et al, 2015;Kintz, 2015;Pragst, 2015;Suesse et al, 2012). Some discrepancies were however observed, namely in samples 12, 14 and 15.…”

Section: Analysis Of Authentic Hair Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These cut-off values can also be applied to different categories of drinking amounts, so that EtG and FAEEs can be used to distinguish between abstinence, moderate and excessive alcohol consumption (Hastedt, Herre, Pragst, Rothe, & Hartwig, 2012Kintz, 2015;Morini, Politi, & Polettini, 2009;Pragst, 2015;Pragst et al, 2010). Hair also presents other advantages, for example, the drinking behaviour for months before sample collection can be evaluated through segmental hair analysis of 0-3 or 0-6 cm proximal segments (Hastedt et al, 2012, Hastedt et al, 2013Kintz, 2015;Pragst, 2015;Suesse, Blueml, & Pragst, 2015). determination of several drugs of abuse, therein including alcohol biomarkers, as mostly these compounds present higher stability in this sample when compared with others as is the case of blood (Auwärter et al, 2001;Barroso, Gallardo, Vieira, López-Rivadulla, & Queiroz, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…determination of several drugs of abuse, therein including alcohol biomarkers, as mostly these compounds present higher stability in this sample when compared with others as is the case of blood (Auwärter et al, 2001;Barroso, Gallardo, Vieira, López-Rivadulla, & Queiroz, 2011). EtG is a highly polar substance, extracted from hair preferably with polar solvents and usually analysed by LC methods coupled to MS or LC-MS/MS (Cabarcos, Hassan, Tabernero, & Scott, 2013;Crunelle et al, 2014;Hastedt et al, 2012;Morini et al, 2009;Oppolzer et al, 2016;Pragst, 2015;Pragst et al, 2010;Suesse et al, 2012). Additionally, the sample collection procedure is non-invasive, and the chances of adulteration are very low (Barroso et al, 2011;Pragst & Balikova, 2006).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of ethyl glucuronide and fatty acid ethyl esters in hair samples

Oppolzer

Barroso

Passarinha

et al. 2016

Biomedical Chromatography

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Hair testing for alcohol biomarkers is an important tool for monitoring alcohol consumption. We propose two methods for assessing alcohol exposure through combined analysis of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) species (ethyl myristate, palmitate, stearate and oleate) in hair (30 mg). EtG was analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, while FAEEs were analysed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using electron impact ionization. Both methods were validated according to internationally accepted guidelines. Linearity was proven between 3 and 500 pg/mg for EtG and 30-5000 pg/mg for FAEEs, and the limits of quantification were 3 pg/mg for EtG and 30 pg/mg for each of the four FAEEs. Precision and accuracy were considered adequate, processed EtG samples were found to be stable for up to 96 h left in the injector and processed FAEEs samples for up to 24 h. Matrix effects were not significant. Both methods were applied to the analysis of 15 authentic samples, using the cut-off values proposed by the Society of Hair Testing for interpretation. The results agreed well with the self-reported alcohol consumption in most cases, and demonstrated the suitability of the methods to be applied in routine analysis of alcohol biomarkers, allowing monitoring consumption using low sample amounts.

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Toxicological Markers of Chronic Alcohol Abuse

Pragst¹

2022

Handbook of Forensic Medicine

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Alcohol Biomarkers in Hair

Cited by 11 publications

References 157 publications

Systematic optimisation of ethyl glucuronide extraction conditions from scalp hair by design of experiments and its potential effect on cut‐off values appraisal

Systematic optimisation of ethyl glucuronide extraction conditions from scalp hair by design of experiments and its potential effect on cut‐off values appraisal

Determination of ethyl glucuronide and fatty acid ethyl esters in hair samples

Toxicological Markers of Chronic Alcohol Abuse

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