Alcohol Binge Drinking Selectively Stimulates Protein S-Glutathionylation in Aorta and Liver of ApoE−/− Mice

Abstract

Background: Binge drinking has become the most common and deadly pattern of excessive alcohol use in the United States, especially among younger adults. It is closely related to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Oxidative stress as a result of ethanol metabolism is the primary pathogenic factor for alcohol-induced end organ injury, but the role of protein S-glutathionylation—a reversible oxidative modification of protein cysteine thiol groups that mediates cellular actions by oxidants—in binge drinking-associated cardiovascular disease has not been explored. The present study defines the effect of alcohol binge drinking on the formation of protein S-glutathionylation in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.Methods and Results: To mimic the weekend binge drinking pattern in humans, ApoE deficient (ApoE−/−) mice on the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet received ethanol or isocaloric maltose (as a control) gavages (5 g/kg/day, 2 consecutive days/week) for 6 weeks. The primary alcohol-targeted organs (liver, brain), and cardiovascular system (heart, aorta, lung) of these two groups of the mice were determined by measuring the protein S-glutathionylation levels and its regulatory enzymes including [Glutaredoxin1(Grx1), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase Pi (GST-π)], as well as by assessing aortic endothelial function and liver lipid levels. Our results showed that binge drinking selectively stimulated protein S-glutathionylation in aorta, liver, and brain, which coincided with altered glutathionylation regulatory enzyme expression that is downregulated Grx1 and upregulated GST-π in aorta, massive upregulation of GST-π in liver, and no changes in Grx1 and GST-π in brain. Functionally, binge drinking induced aortic endothelial cell function, as reflected by increased aortic permeability and reduced flow-mediated vasodilation.Conclusions: This study is the first to provide in vivo evidence for differential effects of binge drinking on formation of protein S-glutathionylation and its enzymatic regulation system in major alcohol-target organs and cardiovascular system. The selective induction of protein S-glutathionylation in aorta and liver is associated with aortic endothelial dysfunction and fatty liver, which may be a potential redox mechanism for the increased risk of vascular disease in human binge-drinkers.

Redox Dysregulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Sirtuin-1 in Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm in Marfan Syndrome

“…AAVs overexpressing WT SirT1, 3M SirT1, Glrx, and control AAV, containing the AAV2 serotype expression vector, were produced as described previously by Kimura et al 22 Briefly, HEK293T (human embryonic kidney) cells grown in T175 flasks to 70% confluence in DMEM culture medium supplemented with 5% FBS and 4.5 g/L D-glucose were triple transfected at a 1:1:1 molar ratio normalized to plasmid size using Lipofectamine 3000 (L3000001; ThermoFisher Scientific) with the following plasmids: (1) AAV plasmid containing AAV replication and capsid genes (pAAV-DJ/Rep-Cap, VPK-420-DJ; Cell Biolabs); (2) helper plasmid; and (3) AAV plasmid expression vector encoding WT SirT1 or 3M SirT1 (synthetized by Quintara Biosciences, Cambridge, MA), Glrx or control. Growth medium was replaced with production medium consisting of 1 g/L D-glucose DMEM supplemented with 1% FBS, 1× GlutaMAX (C35050-061; Thermo Fisher Scientific), 1% penicillin-streptomycin, 10 mM HEPES, and 0.075% sodium bicarbonate.…”

“…Correct insertion of the target gene was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. AAVs overexpressing WT SirT1, 3M SirT1, Glrx, and control AAV, containing the AAV2 serotype expression vector, were produced as described previously by Kimura et al 22 Briefly, HEK293T (human embryonic kidney) cells grown in T175 flasks to 70% confluence in DMEM culture medium supplemented with 5% FBS and 4.5 g/L D-glucose were triple transfected at a 1:1:1 molar ratio normalized to plasmid size using Lipofectamine 3000 (L3000001; ThermoFisher Scientific) with the following plasmids: (1) AAV plasmid containing AAV replication and capsid genes (pAAV-DJ/Rep-Cap, VPK-420-DJ; Cell Biolabs);…”

Clinical analysis of alcoholic pellagra: A single‐center retrospective study

“…Pellagra is caused by nicotinic acid/niacin (vitamin B 3 ) deficiency. 4 The typical characteristics of pellagra are usually described as dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (3D), and even death (4D) if this disease is not recognized promptly and left without proper treatment. 5 During food deprivation, pellagra is widespread because of the insufficient intake of vitamins and tryptophan (Trp).…”