Alcohol-based hand sanitisers as first line of defence against SARS-CoV-2: a review of biology, chemistry and formulations

Singh, D. B.; Joshi, Kiran; Samuel, Ahoton Aihonsu; Patra, Jayanta Kumar; Mahindroo, Neeraj

doi:10.1017/s0950268820002319

Cited by 71 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…According to the US Food and Drug Administration, which regulates alcohol-based hand sanitizers as over-the-counter drug, methanol (methyl alcohol) is not an acceptable ingredient. 15,16 Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are easily accessible and effective for hand hygiene. 17 However, factors leading to increased exposure cases to hand sanitizers especially among children were revealed in our results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicology Practice During COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience of the Dammam Poison Control Center-Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

2021

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Background: The sudden emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and scarcity of the accurate information especially in the initial phase of the struggle presented a series of challenges to health systems. Objective: To evaluate the changes in poisoning cases regarding distribution, types, and characteristics for better framing and planning of the role of our field in responding to pandemics. Methods: Study of telephone consultation calls and toxicology analysis records of poisoning cases referred to the Dammam Poison Control Center in Saudi Arabia during the first half of 2020. Their distribution according to frequencies, causes, and other characteristics was compared to the first half of 2019. Results: Analysis of telephone consultation calls revealed that the proportion of exposure to disinfectants and hand sanitizers during first half of 2020 increased to 20.4% (n = 496) and 3.4% (n = 83), respectively, compared to 9.8% (n = 215) and 0.4% (n = 10) for surface disinfectants and hand sanitizers, respectively, during the first half of 2019. In 2020, exposure to disinfectants and hand sanitizers dominated in preschool children (0-5 years). The total number of cases suspected for drugs/drugs of abuse overdose during the first 6 months of 2020 (n = 783) showed a significant decrease (P < 0.001) compared to the first 6 months of 2019 (n = 1086). Conclusion: The increased availability and use of disinfectants and sanitizers significantly increased the risk of poisoning, especially in preschool-aged children. Public health education for prevention of such home exposures is urgently needed to avoid unnecessary emergency medical system use in such critical time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicology Practice During COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience of the Dammam Poison Control Center-Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

2021

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“…Alcohols are known to possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses. While the specific mechanism of action of alcohols is not clear, it is thought to be related to denaturation of membrane and enzymatic proteins [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Faces Of the Tetrahedron: Inputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers in COVID-19 Prevention: A Multidimensional Perspective

Abuga

Nyamweya²

2021

Pharmacy

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The global use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) as an important means of controlling the transmission of infectious disease has increased significantly as governments and public health agencies across the world advocated hand hygiene as a preventative measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the performance of these products is most commonly defined as a function of their alcohol concentration, they are multifaceted products in which an interplay of several factors is important in determining efficacy. This paper discusses the interplay between ABHS input (formulation) factors and output (product performance) factors in the context of a multidimensional perspective using a novel representative paradigm. In the model, represented in the form of a three-dimensional tetrahedron, each of the faces represents inputs in the manufacturing of the ABHS product, which are the type and amount of alcohol, the inactive ingredients, the formulation and the manufacturing practices. The four corners of the tetrahedron represent the product performance factors which include product efficacy, sensory characteristics, usage and compliance and product safety. The multidimensional approach to the formulation and evaluation of ABHS shows that several factors contribute to the effectiveness and utility of these products. The paradigm provides a useful framework for manufacturers of ABHS and related healthcare products.

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“…By the end of 2020, however, that number reached 68 products. The considerable increase can be explained by the pandemic of the new coronavirus, the recommendation by health agencies to use 70% alcohol as a preventive measure (OPAS/OMS, 2020 ;Singh et. al., 2020) and its scarcity at the most critical moment of the pandemic in the country.…”

Section: Profile Of Identified Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irregular cosmetic withdrawal from Brazilian market: descriptive analysis from 2009 to 2020

Costa

Silva

Paiva

et al. 2021

RSD

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Cosmetic products are essential items in everyday life and directly related to a good quality of life. This branch has been steadily growing in Brazilian market even in the midst of the economic crisis. Thence, it is the role of the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa) to establish standards, guidelines and surveillance actions in relation to these products. In this work, we therefore aimed to perform the descriptive analysis of cosmetics which were considered by Anvisa as irregular products between 2009 and 2020. Results were evaluated according to the following attributes: companies; motives; products; and inspection actions. The analysis encompassed a total of 872 notifications, which showcased that the majority of companies with irregular products are located in the Southeast region (64%), mainly in São Paulo. There was an expressive degree of recurrence of the notified companies, which together were responsible for 40% of the total withdrawals. The most frequent motivations for the application of sanctions were: the absence of product registration/notification (35.3%); quality deviations (25.9%); and the lack of a business license (20.0 %). The most commonly withdrawn products were those for hair use, which may indicate strong relation with the use in beauty salons. In addition, there was a large increase in the irregularity of antiseptic gels in 2020. The number of revocations was low, what suggests lack of adequate quality management in the notified companies. In conclusion, Anvisa has fulfilled its institutional objective of standardization, thereby establishing and enforcing adequate product safety countrywide.

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Alcohol-based hand sanitisers as first line of defence against SARS-CoV-2: a review of biology, chemistry and formulations

Cited by 71 publications

References 61 publications

Toxicology Practice During COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience of the Dammam Poison Control Center-Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

Toxicology Practice During COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience of the Dammam Poison Control Center-Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers in COVID-19 Prevention: A Multidimensional Perspective

Irregular cosmetic withdrawal from Brazilian market: descriptive analysis from 2009 to 2020

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