Alcohol and eye contact

Lindman, Ralf

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1980.tb00360.x

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The observed mood improvement, measured using affect adjectives and an affect grid (Diener and Emmons, 1984; Russell et al., 1989), is consistent with reports of elation, euphoria, and other pleasant emotions after an acute dose of alcohol, as measured using visual analog scales and other questionnaires in laboratory settings (Babor et al., 1983; De Wit and Doty, 1994; Holdstock and De Wit, 1998; Hull and Bond, 1986; Lindman, 1980). Reports of low mood after alcohol use also exist but may occur primarily when drinking in isolation (Doty and De Wit, 1995; Lindman, 1982), in the postacute phase (Babor et al., 1983; Martin et al., 1993), or at higher alcohol doses (Smith et al., 1975).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Alcohol in a Social Context: Findings From Event‐Contingent Recording Studies of Everyday Social Interactions

Rot¹,

Russell²,

Moskowitz³

et al. 2008

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Alcohol consumption in a social context may have predominantly positive effects, an observation which is at odds with most alcohol-induced aggression experiments performed in laboratory settings. Drinking in everyday life may be less likely to result in aggression because, unlike in most laboratory experiments, individuals can choose among a variety of behaviors in response to social cues and the alcohol dose consumed is usually lower. Event-contingent recording provides a new approach for the study of alcohol's effects in everyday life and the conditions in which alcohol might result in interpersonal aggression.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Alcohol in a Social Context: Findings From Event‐Contingent Recording Studies of Everyday Social Interactions

Rot¹,

Russell²,

Moskowitz³

et al. 2008

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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“…An external assessor recorded, using a cumulative stop watch (by pressing the timer button), whenever the participant made eye contact with the experimenter, adding up to the total amount of time during which eye contact was made (Argyle and Dean 1965) Mutual eye contact of each pair was measured by an external assessor using a stopwatch. The total number of seconds of mutual gazing for each pair was averaged over three observations (15-s observations were made over a five-minute interval for each pair, with the observations spaced at the beginning, midpoint, and end of the five minute interval) (Muirhead and Goldman 1979) 10 Argyle and Dean (1965), Burns and Kintz (1976), Burroughs et al (1973), Foddy (1978), Lindman 1980), Muirhead and Goldman (1979), Rago (1977), Sitton and Griffin (1981), Thompson (1982), White et al (1970)…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Measurement of Eye Contact in Human Interactions: A Scoping Review

et al. 2020

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Eye contact is a fundamental aspect of nonverbal communication and therefore important for understanding human interaction. Eye contact has been the subject of research in many disciplines, including communication sciences, social psychology, and psychiatry, and a variety of techniques have been used to measure it. The choice of measurement method has consequences for research outcomes and their interpretation. To ensure that research findings align with study aims and populations, it is essential that methodological choices are well substantiated. Therefore, to enhance the effective examination of eye contact, we performed a literature review of the methods used to study eye contact. We searched Medline, PsycINFO and Web of Science for empirical peer-reviewed articles published in English that described quantitative studies on human eye contact and included a methodological description. The identified studies (N = 109) used two approaches to assess eye contact: direct, i.e., assessing eye contact while it is occurring, and indirect, i.e., assessing eye contact retrospectively (e.g., from video recordings). Within these categories, eight specific techniques were distinguished. Variation was found regarding the reciprocity of eye contact between two individuals, the involvement of an assessor and the behavior of participants while being studied. Measures not involving the interactors in assessment of eye contact and have a higher spatial and temporal resolution, such as eye tracking, have gained popularity. Our results show wide methodological diversity regarding the measurement of eye contact. Although studies often define eye contact as gaze towards an exact location, this may not do justice to the subjective character of eye contact. The various methodologies have hardly ever been compared, limiting the ability to compare findings between studies. Future studies should take notice of the controversy surrounding eye contact measures.

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“…Although alcohol researchers have typically favored studies employing scripted confederate interactions, we located one study examining alcohol’s effects on subjective experience among participants interacting with an unscripted confederate (Lindman, 1980). In this study, features of the confederate’s gaze behavior were scripted, but no other specific aspects of nonverbal or verbal behavior were predetermined by the experimenters.…”

Section: A Social-attributional Analysis Of Alcohol Rewardmentioning

confidence: 99%

A social-attributional analysis of alcohol response.

Fairbairn

Sayette

2014

Psychological Bulletin

119

205

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Conventional wisdom and survey data indicate that alcohol is a social lubricant and is consumed for its social effects. In contrast, the experimental literature examining alcohol’s effects within a social context reveals that alcohol does not consistently enhance social-emotional experience. We identify a methodological factor that might explain inconsistent alcohol-administration findings, distinguishing between studies featuring unscripted interactions among naïve participants (k = 18) and those featuring scripted social interactions with individuals identified as study confederates (k = 18). While 89% of naïve-participant studies find positive effects of alcohol on mood (d = 0.5), only 11% of confederate studies find evidence of significant alcohol-related mood enhancement (d = −0.01). The naïve-participant versus confederate distinction remains robust after controlling for various moderators including stress manipulations, gender, group size, anxiety outcome measure, and within-group consistency of beverage assignment. Based on the findings of our review, we propose a multidimensional, social-attributional framework for understanding alcohol-related reward. Borrowing organizing principles from attribution theory, the social-attributional approach predicts that alcohol will enhance mood when negative outcomes are perceived to be unstable and/or self-relevant. Our framework proposes that alcohol’s effects within a social context are largely explained by its tendency to free individuals from preoccupation with social rejection, allowing them to access social rewards. The social-attributional approach represents a novel framework for integrating distinct, well-validated concepts derived from several theories of alcohol’s effects. It further presents promising lines of inquiry for future research examining the role of social factors in alcohol reward and addiction susceptibility.

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Alcohol and eye contact

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

Alcohol in a Social Context: Findings From Event‐Contingent Recording Studies of Everyday Social Interactions

Alcohol in a Social Context: Findings From Event‐Contingent Recording Studies of Everyday Social Interactions

The Measurement of Eye Contact in Human Interactions: A Scoping Review

A social-attributional analysis of alcohol response.

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