In addition to oral cancer, significant increases were seen among chewers for cancer of the esophagus, liver, pancreas, larynx, lung, and all cancer. Chewing and smoking, as combined by most chewers, interacted synergistically and was responsible for half of all cancer deaths in this group. They were responsible for the recent increases in oral, esophageal, pancreatic, and liver cancer in Taiwan. Chewing and smoking shortened their life span by nearly 6 years.