“…Avoidance of alarm cues of heterospecifics occurs among syntopic species that share predators; therefore cues from either species indicate danger to both. Cross-species reactions are known for marine mud snails (Snyder, 1967;Rahman et al, 2000), insects (Huryn and Chivers, 1999), insects and minnows , stickleback and minnows (Mathis and Smith, 1993a;Chivers and Smith, 1994a;Wisenden et al, 1995b), among stickleback species (Brown and Godin, 1997), among darter species (Smith, 1982;Commens and Mathis, 1999), minnows and darters , among salmonid species , tadpoles (Adams and Claeson, 1998), salamanders (Lutterschmidt et al, 1994;Chivers et al, 1997), and newts (Marvin and Hutchison, 1995).…”