Al and Zr Porous Clay Heterostructures as Removal Agents of Basic Blue-41 Dye from an Artificially Polluted Solution: Regeneration Properties and Batch Design

Abstract

The removal of Basic Blue-41 dye molecules was carried out by using two doped porous clay heterostructures by aluminum (Al) or zirconium (Zr) species. The proposed method of synthesis showed its efficiency, starting from Al or Zr intercalated hydrolyzed species, prior to its reaction with dodecylamine (C12 amine) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a silica source. The intercalated precursors and their porous clay heterostructures (PCH) derivatives were characterized by different techniques. Solid NMR technique proved the presence of Al species into the intercalated silica between the clay sheets, and in addition to Si in different environments within the PCH materials. The Zr-PCH material exhibited a higher surface area and pore volume compared to its Al-PCH counterpart, with a mesoporous character for both materials. A maximum removed amount of 279 and 332 mg/g was achieved and deduced from the Langmuir equation. The regeneration tests revealed that the removal efficiency of Zr-PCH was retained after five regeneration runs, with a loss of 15% of the original value; meanwhile, the Al-PCH lost 45% of its efficiency after only three cycles. A single-stage batch design was proposed based on the Langmuir isotherm parameters. The increase of the removal capacity of Zr-PCH led to the reduction of the required amounts for the target removal of BB-41 dye compared to Al-PCH.

Nano-Silver-Coated Porous Clay Heterostructure Fillers for PLA and Biaxially Oriented Poly(lactic acid) Dielectric Films

“…The results illustrated that the distance of the intercalated clay between the clay layers expanded with an increase in the d-basal spacing. The expansion of the d-basal spacing indicated the cointercalation of the silicon precursor and cosurfactants between the clay layers, thus showing that the PCH was prepared successfully . By varying the nano-silver amounts in the PCH, characteristic reflection peaks of Ag/PCHs were observed at 2θ = 2.11, 2.22, 2.30, and 2.17°.…”

“…The expansion of the d-basal spacing indicated the cointercalation of the silicon precursor and cosurfactants between the clay layers, thus showing that the PCH was prepared successfully. 20 By varying the nano-silver amounts in the PCH, characteristic reflection peaks of Ag/PCHs were observed at 2θ = 2.11, 2.22, 2.30, and 2.17°. From the position of the Ag/PCH reflection peak, the d-basal spacing was calculated and found to be 4.168, 3.971, 3.835, and 4.068 nm, representing Ag/PCH0.5, Ag/PCH1, Ag/PCH1.5, and Ag/PCH3, respectively.…”

“…The pristine MMT showed characteristic peaks at 2θ = 6.05, 19.87, and 35.14°. The strong reflection at 2θ = 6.05°c orresponded to the plane (001), while the peaks at 19.87 and 35.14°were the summations of the Miller indices for (02) and (11) and the summation of Miller indices for ( 13) and (20), respectively. 38 In addition, the diffraction peak at 2θ = 26.6°is due to the presence of quartz impurities in the clay.…”

“…Hence, PCH has unique properties including a high surface area of around 200–1000 m 2 /g with uniform pore sizes and diameters in the range of micropores to mesopores. According to their high specific area, the combined micro- and mesoporous structures, and surface acidity, porous clay heterostructures, therefore, are widely used in several fields and their performances are reported as dye adsorbents, catalytic supports, carbonaceous materials, packaging films, removal agents, and electronic devices . In 2020, Chotiradsirikun et al investigated the effect of a mixed cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, B) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC, C) on the dielectric properties of PCH.…”

Hybrid Hosts Based on Sodium Alginate and Porous Clay Heterostructures for Drug Encapsulation

“…These properties make PCHs an efficient absorbent material for different pollutants (heavy metals, dyes). [ 64 , 65 ].…”