Aktivitas Antimalaria Daun Gempol (Nauclea orientalis (L.) L) terhadap Plasmodium falciparum

Abstract


 The use of gempol (Nauclea orientalis (L.) L) stem as a malaria medicine has been empirically and scientifically proven. This condition encourages exploitation which can lead to scarcity of raw materials. Substitution of plant parts as raw material for medicine is one of the innovations that can be done for the sustainability of the plant species. Leaves are one part of the plant that is often used as a raw material for medicine. The selection of leaves as the main ingredient has many advantages over other parts. Until now, research related to the antimalarial bioactive potential of N. orientalis (L.) L leaves has not been published. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the potential for leaf antimalarial activity as an alternative to substitution of stem parts. The leaf extract of N. orientalis (L.) L was prepared by maceration method with 96% ethanol then fractionation was carried out in stage using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol as solvents. Antimalarial activity testing was carried out in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) for screening phytochemical compounds in each sample. The hexane solvent was known to produce the most optimum extract by with a yield of 20%. The antimalarial activity of the hexane (IC 50 1.93 μg/mL) and methanol (IC 3.91 μg/ mL) fractions were classified as ‘very active’ and had a tendency to be able to compete with chloroquine phosphate activity. The potential for antimalarial activity in both samples was influenced by the content of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and terpenoids which had been developed as active ingredients for malaria drugs. The results of this study indicate that the leaves of Nauclea orientalis (L.) L have the potential to be developed as an alternative to malaria medicine.
 Abstrak
 Pemanfaatan batang gempol (Nauclea orientalis (L.) L) sebagai obat malaria telah terbukti secara empiris dan ilmiah. Kondisi tersebut mendorong terjadinya eksploitasi hingga dapat berujung pada kelangkaan bahan baku. Substitusi bagian tumbuhan sebagai bahan baku obat merupakan salah satu inovasi yang dapat dilakukan untuk keberlanjutan hidup spesies tumbuhan tersebut. Daun merupakan salah satu bagian tumbuhan yang sering digunakan sebagai bahan baku obat. Pemilihan daun sebagai bahan utama memiliki banyak kelebihan dibandingkan bagian lainnya. Penelitian terkait potensi bioaktif antimalaria daun Nauclea orientalis (L.) L hingga saat ini belum dipublikasikan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali potensi aktivitas antimalaria daun sebagai alternatif subtitusi bagian batang. Ekstrak daun Nauclea orientalis (L.) L disiapkan dengan metode maserasi dengan etanol 96%, kemudian dilakukan fraksinasi cair-cair bertingkat menggunakan pelarut heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol. Pengujian aktivitas antimalaria dilakukan secara in vitro terhadap Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 dan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) untuk penapisan senyawa fitokimia pada masingmasing sampel. Pelarut heksana diketahui menghasilkan ekstrak paling optimum dengan rendemen 20%. Aktivitas antimalaria fraksi heksana (IC 50 1,93 µg/mL) dan metanol (IC 3,91 µg/mL) yang tergolong dalam kategori ‘sangat aktif, serta memiliki kecenderungan mampu bersaing dengan aktivitas klorokuin fosfat. Potensi aktivitas antimalaria pada kedua sampel tersebut dipengaruhi oleh kandungan senyawa alkaloid, steroid, flavonoid dan terpenoid yang telah banyak dikembangkan sebagai bahan aktif obat malaria. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa daun Nauclea orientalis (L.) L berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai alternatif obat malaria.

In Vitro Study: Antimalarial Activity of Rivet Sea Cucumber Extract (Holothuria atra) With Ethyl Acetate Solvent Against Plasmodium falciparum

“…The results of processing data in table 1-1 showed that the higher the dose of H atra extract was inversely proportional to the level of parasitemia because the larger the dose of the extract had the greater ability to suppress parasite growth (17,22) . At a dose of 100 μg/ mL extract, it showed the highest suppression of parasitemia levels (0.29 %), the same as the G2 group that received chloroquine (with a dose of 100 μg/mL, it was able to suppress the parasite level until it was undetectable or 0%) (17,23) .…”

“…Observations of the growth of parasites on negative controls showed the highest percentage. This is thought to occur due to the natural response of the P. falciparum parasite to defend itself in environmental conditions that are not suitable for its survival, so the parasite seeks to speed up the process of its growth (23,24) . The negative control group contained only media containing erythrocytes and P.falciparum strains of 3D7 without the administration of drugs or extract ingredients that could inhibit its growth.…”

“…Identification of active compounds in H. atra, which are flavonoid, phenolic, and alkaloid compounds has been done in phytochemical tests and is suspected to have antimalarial activity (23,42,43) . Alkaloids are active nitrogenous compounds derived from animals and plants.…”

THE EFFECT OF PANDAN WANGI ROOTS ETHANOL EXTRACT (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) ON THE DEGREE OF PLASMODIUM BERGHEI PARASITEMIA IN VIVO

“…The study concluded that the optimal extract concentration was 26%, exhibiting antimalarial activity with an 8.6% reduction in parasitemia levels. 9 Various herbal plants have been studied to prove the effectiveness of alkaloid compounds as antimalarials, such as papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya), guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava), 17 merkubung leaf extract (Macaranga gigantea), 18 gempol leaf extract (Nauclea orientalis L.), 19 and noni fruit extract (Morinda citrifolia L.). 20 Based on the previous studies outlined above, it is evident that many herbal plants have the potential as antimalarials.…”

Plant Extracts as a Source of Natural Products with Potential Antimalarial Effects: An Update from 2018 to 2022

“…Plants of the genus Nauclea (Rubiaceae) are frequently used as folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases. Antimalarial activity of the hexane (IC 50 = 1.93 μg/mL) and methanol (IC 50 = 3.91 μg/ mL) fractions of Nauclea orientalis leaves against 3D7 P. falciparum was observed [ 63 ].…”