AK bullet (7,62 × 39 mm) ricochet off flat, wooden targets; A forensic-based study

Interpol review of forensic firearm examination 2019–2022

“…A last ballistic study on the interaction between these MSC bullets from an assault rifle explored the interaction of those bullets with four different types of wood [ 113 ]. The wood types had a different Janka hardness.…”

Ricochet of 9 mm pistol bullets on glazed ceramic tiles: An empirical study in support of shooting incident reconstruction

“…The methodology used in many other recent ricochet studies was adopted for this study [8][9][10]. Accordingly, a FN 9 mm Browning High Power (HP) pistol was used to fire at glazed ceramic wall and floor tiles placed at different angles to the bullet's path.…”

“…A paper screen was fixed at the far edge of the target frame to capture "silhouettes" of the ricocheting bullets. The ricochet angles were calculated using basic trigonometry as done in most other ricochet experiments [8][9][10]. Cumulative failure plot analysis of the MINITAB software [19] was employed to estimate the critical angles and ricochet probability of the bullets.…”

“…It can be explained as a glancing rebound of fired projectiles off surfaces and is affected by various factors [1], including the ricochet surface type and its reaction, bullet angle of incidence, bullet type, shape and construction, and impact velocity are some of the main factors responsible for the ricochet behaviors of bullets [2]. Although existing literature presents theoretical explanations of how a bullet is generally expected to behave when ricocheting off different surface types [2, 3], recent studies have highlighted empirical results as the most viable source to understand the ricochet behavior and surface evidence of different bullet target combinations [4–11]. Further, these studies have reported novel findings related to ricochet angles and ricochet evidence of commonly reported bullet target combinations.…”

“…• A nucleus ricochet mark was observed when 9 mm bullets fragmented upon impact with floor tiles. [2,3], recent studies have highlighted empirical results as the most viable source to understand the ricochet behavior and surface evidence of different bullet target combinations [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Further, these studies have reported novel findings related to ricochet angles and ricochet evidence of commonly reported bullet target combinations.…”