Airway Management

Holzman, Robert S.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-06612-9.00012-2

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…We could get the equation of ‘SD (mm) = 0.01 × age (months) + 0.02 × height (cm) + 4.3’. For free passage of a cuffed ETT through the subglottis, it would be appropriate to select an ETT with diameter 1 mm smaller than the calculated SD, although it is recommended that the presence of a deflated cuff adds about 0.5 mm to the calculated OD of ETT . Thus, ‘OD (mm) = 0.01 × age (months) + 0.02 × height (cm) + 3.3’ may yield a reasonable estimate of appropriate ETT diameter for children older than 12 months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound measurement of subglottic diameter and an empirical formula for proper endotracheal tube fitting in children

Kim

et al. 2013

Acta Anaesthesiol Scand

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound measurement of subglottic diameter and an empirical formula for proper endotracheal tube fitting in children

Kim

et al. 2013

Acta Anaesthesiol Scand

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In 1993, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Task Force on Management of the Diffi cult Airway published a set of practice guidelines for diffi cult airway management in adults which have since been updated again in 2013 [ 1 ]. Due in large parts to the paucity of high-level evidence in the literature, these guidelines were developed based on the available information and expert opinion/consensus to provide rational guidance to practitioners.…”

Section: Principles Of Diffi Cult Airway Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…

…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthesia Challenges for the Difficult and Critical Neonatal Airway

Fiadjoe

Isserman

McCloskey

2014

Disorders of the Neonatal Airway

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The larynx descends as children grow and is most cranially positioned in the neonate [ 1 ]. The high cervical position of the larynx is often described as being "anterior" because of the view obtained with direct laryngoscopy. Because of the high location of the glottis, straight blades are thought to offer better exposure of the larynx because of the ability to elevate the base of the tongue. Despite this, some clinicians prefer curved blades and use them successfully. Other consequences of the high location of the neonate's glottis include the tendency for laryngeal masks to become dislodged and inadvertent compression of the airway in the neck during bag-mask ventilation.The tongue in the neonate is relatively large and may obstruct the airway by adhering to the palate; relief can be obtained by opening the mouth or by applying continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), to the airway via a bagmask device. An oral airway is rarely needed to open the airway of a neonate. The neonatal epiglottis is relatively short. This allows one to elevate the tip by simply placing the straight laryngoscope blade in the vallecula much like how a curved blade is used. The glossoepiglottic ligament located in the vallecula should be engaged with the tip of the straight blade in order to gain adequate glottic exposure. The vocal cords in the neonate are slanted rostrally as compared to the vocal cords in the adult. This can cause diffi culties in passing an endotracheal tube because the tip is already directed in an upward fashion to the anteriorly located larynx causing it to have a greater chance of being hung up at the anterior commissure or anterior tracheal wall. Classically, it has been taught the neonatal airway is funnel shaped, but a recent study suggests it may be tubular much like the adult airway [ 2 ]. Traditionally teaching is that the narrowest part of the neonatal/pediatric airway is at the cricoid ring and not at the vocal cords like the adult airway.Normal cardiopulmonary physiology can also make the management of the neonatal airway diffi cult.In the operating room (OR), the initial approach to a patient with a diffi cult airway is to perform an inhalational induction with a volatile anesthetic agent to allow for spontaneous ventilation. This can be done successfully in a neonate; however, the response is different due to differences in physiology. Theoretically, uptake of the volatile anesthetic can be delayed due to the relatively higher cardiac output; however, the higher minute ventilation and increased proportion of cardiac output to the brain in the neonate can actually increase the rate of induction. The faster rate of induction and effects on the neonatal brain subsequently leads to a faster decrease in respiratory function as compared to older children and adults (Fig. 1a ).Neonates are also more prone to develop hypoxia during the process of securing the airway due to differences in lung volumes and metabolic rate as compared to children and adults. In neonates, the functional residual capacity is ap...

show abstract

Cuffed endotracheal tubes in paediatrics

Motiang

2012

Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Airway Management

Cited by 4 publications

References 54 publications

Ultrasound measurement of subglottic diameter and an empirical formula for proper endotracheal tube fitting in children

Ultrasound measurement of subglottic diameter and an empirical formula for proper endotracheal tube fitting in children

Anesthesia Challenges for the Difficult and Critical Neonatal Airway

Cuffed endotracheal tubes in paediatrics

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About