Airsickness and Anxiety.

Tucker, Gary J.; Reinhardt, Roger F.

doi:10.1037/e445072004-001

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The latter facilitated development of motion sickness induced by mismatch between intense visual flow and lack of vestibular sensations. Indeed, close association between anxiety and nausea is well documented: Tucker and Reinhardt [ 31 ] showed higher state anxiety in airsick students during flight training compared to non-airsick, and Collins and Lentz [ 32 ] reported a higher trait anxiety in motion sickness susceptible subjects. In a large community survey conducted by Haug et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of visual flow direction on signs and symptoms of cybersickness

2017

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Our objective was to assess the influence of visual flow direction on physiological changes and symptoms elicited by cybersickness. Twelve healthy subjects (6 male and 6 female) were exposed to a 15-min virtual ride on a rollercoaster on two different days in a counterbalanced manner, such half of participants were facing forward during the first ride while another half was facing backward. Forehead skin conductance, heart rate and HRV parameters (SDRR, RMSSD) were collected as objective measures; subjective symptoms were assessed with the Motion Sickness Assessment Questioner immediately after exposure. We found that while nausea ratings at which participants terminated the experiment did not differ between forward/backward rides, the mean ride tolerance time was significantly longer during reverse ride compared to forward ride (6.1±0.4 vs 5.0±0.5 min, respectively, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.45). Analysis of HRV parameters revealed significant reduction in both RMSSD (p = 0.02, t = 2.62, η2 = 0.43) and SDRR (p = 0.01, t = 2.90, η2 = 0.45) in the forward ride; no such changes were found in the backward ride. We also found that amplitude of phasic changes in forehead skin conductance increased significantly in both ride directions. This increase however was significantly lower (p<0.05) in backward ride when compared to the forward ride. When assessed immediately post-ride, subjects reported significantly lower (p = 0.04) subjective symptom intensity after the reverse ride compared to the forward ride. We conclude that the direction of visual flow has a significant effect on the symptoms reported by the subjects and on the physiological changes during cybersickness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of visual flow direction on signs and symptoms of cybersickness

2017

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“…Studying pilots, Fox and Arnon [6] highlighted a correlation between both state-and trait-anxiety scores and MSS. Tucker and Reinhardt [21] showed higher state-anxiety in airsick students during flight training compared to non-airsick subjects. Testing in healthy adults (18-39 years old), Collins and Lentz [4] suggested a higher trait-anxiety in motion sickness susceptible subjects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Motion sickness susceptibility in healthy subjects and vestibular patients: Effects of gender, age and trait-anxiety

Paillard

Quarck

Paolino

et al. 2013

VES

139

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Several studies have suggested that anxiety may play a role in motion sickness susceptibility (MSS) variability. This study aimed to assess motion sickness susceptibility in healthy subjects and chronic vestibular patients and to investigate its relationship to gender, age and trait-anxiety. Healthy subjects (n = 167) and chronic dizzy patients with various vestibulopathies (n = 94), aged from 20 to 92 years old, were asked to complete Motion Sickness Susceptibility questionnaire (MSSQ) and trait-anxiety questionnaire (STAI-B). When patients were divided into those who had vestibular loss (n = 51) vs. patients without vestibular loss (n = 43), the MSSQ scores (mean ± SD) for patients with vestibular loss (18.8 ± 30.9) were lower than healthy subjects (36.4 ± 34.8), who were lower than vestibular patients without vestibular loss (59.0 ± 39.7). These significant differences could not be explained by gender, age, trait-anxiety, or interaction. Women had higher MSS than men, and MSS declined with age for healthy subjects and vestibular patients. The overall relationship between anxiety and MSS scores was weak and only reached significance in healthy subjects. These results support the conclusion that the vestibular system is heavily involved in MSS and that trait-anxiety may play a role in MSS but only in healthy subjects.

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“…Heightened anxiety in females may render them more susceptible to motion sickness than males, as heightened state- (Tucker and Reinhardt, 1967) and traitanxiety (Paillard et al, 2013) are strongly related to cybersickness (Ling et al, 2011).…”

Section: Female Hormonal Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Reality Is Sexist: But It Does Not Have to Be

2020

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The aim of this study was to assess what drives gender-based differences in the experience of cybersickness within virtual environments. In general, those who have studied cybersickness (i.e., motion sickness associated with virtual reality [VR] exposure), oftentimes report that females are more susceptible than males. As there are many individual factors that could contribute to gender differences, understanding the biggest drivers could help point to solutions. Two experiments were conducted in which males and females were exposed for 20 min to a virtual rollercoaster. In the first experiment, individual factors that may contribute to cybersickness were assessed via self-report, body measurements, and surveys. Cybersickness was measured via the simulator sickness questionnaire and physiological sensor data. Interpupillary distance (IPD) non-fit was found to be the primary driver of gender differences in cybersickness, with motion sickness susceptibility identified as a secondary driver. Females whose IPD could not be properly fit to the VR headset and had a high motion sickness history suffered the most cybersickness and did not fully recover within 1 h post exposure. A follow-on experiment demonstrated that when females could properly fit their IPD to the VR headset, they experienced cybersickness in a manner similar to males, with high cybersickness immediately upon cessation of VR exposure but recovery within 1 h post exposure. Taken together, the results suggest that gender differences in cybersickness may be largely contingent on whether or not the VR display can be fit to the IPD of the user; with a substantially greater proportion of females unable to achieve a good fit. VR displays may need to be redesigned to have a wider IPD adjustable range in order to reduce cybersickness rates, especially among females.

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Airsickness and Anxiety.

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of visual flow direction on signs and symptoms of cybersickness

Effects of visual flow direction on signs and symptoms of cybersickness

Motion sickness susceptibility in healthy subjects and vestibular patients: Effects of gender, age and trait-anxiety

Virtual Reality Is Sexist: But It Does Not Have to Be

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