Aircraft observations of water-soluble dicarboxylic acids in the aerosols  over China

Zhang, Yanlin; Kawamura, Kimitaka; Fu, Pingqing; Boreddy, Suresh K. R.; Watanabe, Tomomi; Hatakeyama, Shiro; Takami, Akinori; Wang, Wei

doi:10.5194/acp-16-6407-2016

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…Contributions to carbonaceous fractions (organic carbon [OC] and water-soluble organic carbon [WSOC]) and mass concentrations of DARCs could provide information on possible sources and formation processes (Bikkina, Kawamura, and Miyazaki 2015;Ervens et al 2004;Kawamura and Bikkina 2016). DARCs play significant roles in the formation of SOA (Kawamura and Bikkina 2016), affect regional and global climate by altering the activity of cloud condensation nuclei (Kawamura and Usukura 1993;Yu 2000), and reduce atmospheric visibility (Hoque and Kawamura 2016;Zhang et al 2016a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in fine particulate matter aerosols in Huangshi, central China

Liu

Kawamura

Kunwar

et al. 2019

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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PM 2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) samples were collected in Huangshi, central China, from March 2012 to February 2013 and were analyzed for dicarboxylic acids (diacids) and related compounds (DARCs). Oxalic acid (C 2 ; 416 ng m −3 ) was the most abundant species, followed by phthalic (Ph; 122 ng m −3 ), terephthalic (tPh; 116 ng m −3 ), succinic (C 4 ; 70.4 ng m −3 ), azelaic (C 9 ; 67.9 ng m −3 ), and adipic (C 6 ; 57.8 ng m −3 ) acids. Relatively high abundances of Ph and tPh differed from the distribution in urban and marine aerosols, indicating contributions from nearby anthropogenic sources. Glyoxylic acid (ωC 2 ; 41.4 ng m −3 ) was the dominant oxoacid, followed by 9-oxononanoic (ωC 9 ; 40.8 ng m −3 ) and pyruvic (Pyr; 24.1 ng m −3 ) acids. Glyoxal (Gly; 35.5 ng m −3 ) was the dominant α-dicarbonyl. Highest average concentrations were found for C 2 , ωC 2 , and C 9 in autumn, for C 4 , for Pyr and C 6 in spring, for Ph, ωC 9 , and Gly in summer, whereas the lowest values were observed in winter. Seasonal variations and correlation coefficients of DARCs demonstrate that both primary emissions and secondary production are important sources. Principal component analysis of selected DARCs species suggests that a mixing of air masses from anthropogenic and biogenic sources contribute to the Huangshi aerosols.Implications: Both primary emissions and secondary production are important sources of diacids and related compounds in PM 2.5 from Huangshi, central China. Principal component analysis of selected diacids in Huangshi aerosols suggests that mixing of air masses from anthropogenic and biogenic sources contribute to ambient aerosols in central China.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in fine particulate matter aerosols in Huangshi, central China

Liu

Kawamura

Kunwar

et al. 2019

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…Dicarboxylic acids could originate from primary sources, like fossil fuel combustion or biomass burning (Kawamura and Kaplan, 1987;Rogge et al, 1998), but this is more likely from secondary sources, like the gas-particle partitioning of semivolatile products from the photooxidation of anthropogenic or biogenic precursors and aqueous chemistry in aerosol waters (Rogge et al, 1993;Kundu et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2010Zhang et al, , 2016. In Table 2, the large proportions of dicarboxylic acid carbon in OC and the high dicarboxylic acids O / C during the haze period support the idea that SOA has dominantly formed through oxidation in stagnant conditions.…”

Section: Secondary Formation and Aging Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the multiday haze in the Asian continental outflow: the important role of synoptic conditions combined with regional and local sources

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The air quality of the megacities in populated and industrialized regions like East Asia is affected by both local and regional emission sources. The combined effect of regional transport and local emissions on multiday haze was investigated through a synthetic analysis of PM 2.5 sampled at both an urban site in Seoul, South Korea and an upwind background site on Deokjeok Island over the Yellow Sea during a severe multiday haze episode in late February 2014. Inorganic components and carbonaceous species of daily PM 2.5 samples were measured, and gaseous pollutants, local meteorological factors, and synoptic meteorological conditions were also determined. A dominance of fine-mode particles (PM 2.5 / PM 10 ∼ 0.8), a large secondary inorganic fraction (76 %), high OC / EC (> 7), and highly oxidized aerosols (oxygen-to-carbon ratio of ∼ 0.6 and organic-mass-to-carbon ratio of ∼ 1.9) under relatively warm, humid, and stagnant conditions characterize the multiday haze episode in Seoul; however, the early and late stages of the episode show different chemical compositions of PM 2.5 . High concentrations of sulfate in both Seoul and the upwind background in the early stage suggest a significant regional influence on the onset of the multiday haze. At the same time, high concentrations of nitrate and organic compounds in Seoul, which are local and highly correlated with meteorological factors, suggest the contribution of local emissions and secondary formation under stagnant meteorological conditions to the haze. A slow eastward-moving high-pressure system from southern China to the East China Sea induces the regional transport of aerosols and potential gaseous precursors for secondary aerosols from the North China Plain in the early stage but provides stagnant conditions conducive to the accumulation and the local formation of aerosols in the late stage. A blocking ridge over Alaska that developed during the episode hinders the zonal propagation of synoptic-scale systems and extends the haze period to several days. This study provides chemical insights into haze development sequentially by regional transport and local sources, and shows that the synoptic condition plays an important role in the dynamical evolution of long-lasting haze in the Asian continental outflow region.

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“…The observed oxalatecontaining particles likely represented aged biomass-burning particles, associated with enhanced aliphatic acids (Paglione et al, 2014). Continuous evolution of primary organics to highly oxidized organics is widely observed for biomassburning particles (Cubison et al, 2011;Zhou et al, 2017). Significant correlations between these OAs were observed in aged biomass-burning particles (Zauscher et al, 2013) and also cloud water samples (Sorooshian et al, 2013).…”

Section: Predominant Contribution Of Biomass and Biofuel Burning To Omentioning

confidence: 96%

Insight into the in-cloud formation of oxalate based on in situ measurement by single particle mass spectrometry

Zhang¹,

Lin²,

Peng³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. While ground-based works suggest the significance of in-cloud production (or aqueous formation) to oxalate, direct evidence is rare. With the in situ measurements performed at a remote mountain site (1690&#8201;m&#8201;a.s.l.) in southern China, we first reported the size-resolved mixing state of oxalate in the cloud droplet residual (cloud RES), the cloud interstitial (cloud INT), and ambient (cloud-free) particles by single particle mass spectrometry. The results support the growing evidence that in-cloud aqueous reactions promote the formation of oxalate, with ~&#8201;15&#8201;% of the cloud RES and cloud INT particles containing oxalate, in contrast to only ~&#8201;5&#8201;% of the cloud-free particles. Furthermore, individual particle analysis provides unique insight into the formation and evolution of oxalate during in-cloud processing. Oxalate was predominantly (>&#8201;70&#8201;% in number) internally mixed with the aged biomass burning particles, highlighting the impact of biomass burning on the formation of oxalate. In contrast, oxalate was underrepresented in aged elemental carbon particles, although they represented the largest fraction of the detected particles. It can be interpreted by the individual particle mixing state that the aged biomass burning particles contained an abundance of organic components serving as precursors for oxalate. Through the analysis of the relationship between oxalate and organic acid ions (&#8722;45[HCO2]&#8722;, &#8722;59[CH3CO2]&#8722;, &#8722;71[C2H3CO2]&#8722;, &#8722;73[C2HO3]&#8722;), the results show that in-cloud aqueous reaction dramatically improved the conversion of organic acids to oxalate. The abundance of glyoxylate associated with the aged biomass burning particles is the controlling factor for the in-cloud production of oxalate. Since only limited information on oxalate is available in the free troposphere, the results also provide an important reference for future understanding of the abundance, evolution and climate impacts of oxalate.

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Aircraft observations of water-soluble dicarboxylic acids in the aerosols over China

Cited by 15 publications

References 71 publications

Dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in fine particulate matter aerosols in Huangshi, central China

Dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in fine particulate matter aerosols in Huangshi, central China

On the multiday haze in the Asian continental outflow: the important role of synoptic conditions combined with regional and local sources

Insight into the in-cloud formation of oxalate based on in situ measurement by single particle mass spectrometry

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