Airborne survey of trace gases and aerosols over the Southern Baltic Sea: from clean marine boundary layer to shipping corridor effect

Zanatta, Marco; Bozem, Heiko; Köllner, Franziska; Schneider, Johannes; Kunkel, Daniel; Hoor, Peter; Faria, Julia de; Petzold, A.; Bundke, Ulrich; Hayden, K. L.; Staebler, R. M.; Schulz, Hannes; Herber, Andreas

doi:10.1080/16000889.2019.1695349

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 96 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…To the knowledge of the authors, no previous studies have reported on the effects of FSC on particle sizes and concentrations from atmospheric exhaust plume measurements. Furthermore, the results from direct emission measurements are divided in the literature: Zetterdahl et al (2016) reported that the stricter FSC limits reduce the particle size, but not the produced PNC pl , whereas studies such as Streibel et al (2017) found lower emission factors for PNC pl and larger particle size when using distillate fuels instead of HFO.…”

Section: Particle Number Size Distribution Of the Exhaust Plumesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Photochemical aging changes the physical and chemical properties of the ship plume particles. The sulfur content in fuel affects SO 2 emitted from marine engines; nevertheless, Zetterdahl et al (2016) also measured reduced volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions related to a lower FSC. However, in contrast to decreased secondary aerosol (SA) precursor observations (SO 2 and VOC), Wu et al (2020) observed an increase in SA formation due to changing from residual fuel oils to distillate fuels.…”

Section: Photochemical Aging Of the Plumesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of marine fuel sulfur restrictions on particle number concentrations and size distributions in ship plumes in the Baltic Sea

et al. 2021

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Abstract. Exhaust emissions from shipping are a major contributor to particle concentrations in coastal and marine areas. Previously, the marine fuel sulfur content (FSC) was restricted globally to 4.5 m/m%, but the limit was changed to 3.5 m/m% at the beginning of 2012 and further down to 0.5 m/m% in January 2020. In sulfur emission control areas (SECA), the limits are stricter: the FSC restriction was originally 1.50 m/m%, but it decreased to 1.00 m/m% in July 2010 and again to 0.10 m/m% in January 2015. In this work, the effects of the FSC restrictions on particle number concentrations (PNCs) and particle number size distributions (NSDs) are studied in the Baltic Sea SECA. Measurements were made on a small island (Utö, Finland; 59∘46′50 N, 21∘22′23 E) between 2007 and 2016. Ship plumes were extracted from the particle number size distribution data, and the effects of the FSC restrictions on the observed plumes as well as on the ambient concentrations were investigated. Altogether, 42 322 analyzable plumes were identified during the 10-year measurement period. The results showed that both changes in the FSC restrictions reduced the PNCs of the plumes. The latter restriction (to 0.10 m/m% in January 2015) also decreased the ambient particle number concentrations, as a significant portion of particles in the area originated from ship plumes that were diluted beyond the plume detection limits. The overall change in the PNCs of the plumes and ambient air was 27 and 32 %, respectively, for the total FSC change from 1.50 m/m% to 0.10 m/m%. The decrease in the plume particle number concentration was caused mostly by a decrease in the concentration of particle sizes of between approximately 33 and 144 nm. The latter restriction also reduced the geometric mean diameter of the particles, which was probably caused by the fuel type change from residual oil to distillates during the latter restriction. The PNC was larger for the plumes measured at daytime than for those measured at nighttime, likely because of the photochemical aging of particles due to UV light. The difference decreased with decreasing FSC, indicating that a lower FSC also has an impact on the atmospheric processing of ship plumes.

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Section: Particle Number Size Distribution Of the Exhaust Plumesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photochemical Aging Of the Plumesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of marine fuel sulfur restrictions on particle number concentrations and size distributions in ship plumes in the Baltic Sea

et al. 2021

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“…Because many ships run on residual fuels outside the SECAs 410 and switch to low-sulfur distillate fuels when entering them (Van Roy, W and Scheldeman, K., 2016;Lähteenmäki-Uutela et al, 2019), their lubrication oil can contain metals from previous residual fuel operation that can consequently be emitted in small amounts also during operation in SECAs. Recently, also Zanatta et al found a limited number of V-Fe particles in the marine boundary layer along ship lanes in the Baltic Sea using an aircraft-based SPMS (Zanatta et al, 2020).…”

Section: Assignment To Shipsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Detection of Ship Plumes from Residual Fuel Operation in Emission Control Areas using Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry

Passig¹,

Schade²,

Irsig³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. Ships are main contributors to global air pollution with substantial impacts on climate and public health. To improve air quality in densely populated coastal areas and to protect sensitive ecosystems, sulfur emission control areas (SECA) were established in many regions of the world. Ships in SECAs operate with low-sulfur fuels, typically distillate fractions such as marine gas oil (MGO). Alternatively, exhaust gas cleaning devices (scrubbers) can be implemented to remove SO2 from the exhaust, thus allowing the use of cheap high-sulfur residual fuels. Compliance monitoring is established in harbors, but difficult in open water because of high costs and technical limitations. Here we present the first experiments to detect individual ship plumes from distances of several kilometers by single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS). In contrast to most monitoring approaches that evaluate the gaseous emissions, such as manned or unmanned surveillance flights, sniffer technologies and remote sensing, we analyze the chemical composition of the particulate phase that is transported by the wind over long distances. We optimized SPMS technology for the evaluation of residual fuel emissions and demonstrate their detection in a SECA. Our experiments show that ships with installed scrubbers can emit PM emissions with health-relevant metals in quantities high enough to be detected from more than 10 km distance, emphasizing the importance of novel exhaust cleaning technologies and cleaner fuels. Because of the unique and stable metal signatures, our method is not affected by urban background. With this study, we establish a route towards a novel monitoring protocol for ship emissions. Therefore, we present and discuss mass spectral signatures that indicate the particle age, and thus the distance to the source. By matching ship transponder data, measured wind data and air mass back trajectories, we show, how real-time SPMS data can be evaluated to assign distant ship passages.

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Section: Assignment To Shipsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Passig

2021

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Ships are main contributors to global air pollution with substantial impacts on climate and public health. To improve air quality in densely populated coastal areas and to protect sensitive ecosystems, sulfur emission control areas (SECA) were 15 established in many regions of the world. Ships in SECAs operate with low-sulfur fuels, typically distillate fractions such as marine gas oil (MGO). Alternatively, exhaust gas cleaning devices ('scrubbers') can be implemented to remove SO2 from the exhaust, thus allowing the use of cheap high-sulfur residual fuels. Compliance monitoring is established in harbors, but difficult in open water because of high costs and technical limitations. Here we present the first experiments to detect individual ship plumes from distances of several kilometers by single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS). In contrast to most monitoring 20 approaches that evaluate the gaseous emissions, such as manned or unmanned surveillance flights, sniffer technologies and remote sensing, we analyze the chemical composition of the particulate phase that is transported by the wind over long distances. We optimized SPMS technology for the evaluation of residual fuel emissions and demonstrate their detection in a SECA. Our experiments show that ships with installed scrubbers can emit PM emissions with health-relevant metals in quantities high enough to be detected from more than 10 km distance, emphasizing the importance of novel exhaust cleaning 25 technologies and cleaner fuels. Because of the unique and stable metal signatures, our method is not affected by urban background. With this study, we establish a route towards a novel monitoring protocol for ship emissions. Therefore, we present and discuss mass spectral signatures that indicate the particle age, and thus the distance to the source. By matching ship transponder data, measured wind data and air mass back trajectories, we show, how real-time SPMS data can be evaluated to assign distant ship passages. 30

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Airborne survey of trace gases and aerosols over the Southern Baltic Sea: from clean marine boundary layer to shipping corridor effect

Cited by 14 publications

References 96 publications

Effects of marine fuel sulfur restrictions on particle number concentrations and size distributions in ship plumes in the Baltic Sea

Effects of marine fuel sulfur restrictions on particle number concentrations and size distributions in ship plumes in the Baltic Sea

Detection of Ship Plumes from Residual Fuel Operation in Emission Control Areas using Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry

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