Airborne sensors for detecting large marine debris at sea

Detection of exogenous floating marine debris: an overview of techniques associated with remote sensing

“…The passive sensors use the energy reflected or emitted by the objects, and can vary from: RGB (red, green, blue) video, digital cameras, multispectral and hyperspectral sensors, thermal imagers [48], and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) [40]. An aspect to ponder when selecting a sensor is, taking into account the characteristics of the EFMD to detect, the existence of a trade off between spatial coverage and spatial resolution.…”

“…An aspect to ponder when selecting a sensor is, taking into account the characteristics of the EFMD to detect, the existence of a trade off between spatial coverage and spatial resolution. RGB video has an important weakness by presenting a false detection rate related to the intrinsic variability in light and surface characteristics [48]. Mutispectral sensors, by presenting seven bands, might, according to Veenstra and Churnside [48], turn out to be useful in detecting EFMD.…”

“…RGB video has an important weakness by presenting a false detection rate related to the intrinsic variability in light and surface characteristics [48]. Mutispectral sensors, by presenting seven bands, might, according to Veenstra and Churnside [48], turn out to be useful in detecting EFMD. Hyperspectral cameras with thirty bands, and spectral resolution of 10 nanometers or less, show also some promising attributes to detect EFMD in shallow waters [48].…”

“…Mutispectral sensors, by presenting seven bands, might, according to Veenstra and Churnside [48], turn out to be useful in detecting EFMD. Hyperspectral cameras with thirty bands, and spectral resolution of 10 nanometers or less, show also some promising attributes to detect EFMD in shallow waters [48]. The thermal imagers detect heat radiated at 3-5 or 7-14 micrometer wavelengths bands, but did not perform very well with, at least, derelict fishing gear [48].…”

“…Green laser Lidar showed auspicious results to detect differential algae clumping patterns [45], while fluorescence Lidar is promising to detect phytoplankton [48]. SAR, phased array L-band SAR -PALSAR -mounted on the Advanced Land Observing Satellite -ALOS -was used by Arii et al [39] to sense tsunami EFMD, since its imagery is characterized by, regardless of the weather and time of day, a higher resolution than MODIS with flexible operability.…”