Airborne Pollutants in the Buddhist Cave Temples at the Yungang Grottoes, China

Salmon, Lynn G.; Christoforou, Christos S.; Cass, Glen R.

doi:10.1021/es00054a010

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…26 Second, there is a strong negative correlation (r 2 0 .8) between measured organic and estimated unidentified component for these studies which span the entire North American continent as well as other parts of the world. 6,7,15 We find no strong correlations between the other major components of the aerosol: sulfate and unidentified component (r 2 ~ 0.1), sulfate and organic (r 2 0 .2). If water associated with sulfate were a major explanation for the unidentified component, we would expect a stronger association between sulfate fraction and unidentified component fraction.…”

Section: Mass Closure and Contributions To Finementioning

confidence: 63%

Concentration and Composition of Atmospheric Aerosols from the 1995 SEAVS Experiment and a Review of the Closure between Chemical and Gravimetric Measurements

Andrews

Saxena

Musarra

et al. 2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

136

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We summarize the results from the various measurements and the inter-sampler comparisons from Southeastern Aerosol and Visibility Study (SEAVS), a study with one of its objectives to test for closure among chemical, gravimetric and optical measurements of atmospheric aerosol particles. Sulfate and organics are the dominant components IMPLICATIONS PM 2.5 consists of hundreds of compounds that are difficult to measure individually. Therefore, for almost two decades, PM 2.5 composition has been expressed in terms of three broad constituent categories (ions; elemental carbon and organics; and crustal dust). Any lack of closure in PM 2.5 mass (i.e., constituent concentrations not adding up to gravimetrically measured PM 2.5 ) was presumed to be due to water present in the samples and measurement error. Here we show that this presumption is not universally correct and that errors in extrapolating organic mass from organic carbon measurements may be plausible explanation. With the public and private sectors on the verge of investing substantial resources in fine PM characterization studies in the wake of new U.S. PM 2.5 ambient standard, our results underscore the urgency for producing more reliable technology for measuring organics.of the SEAVS fine particles (nominally, particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm) but between 28 and 42% (range over various samplers) of the gravimetrically measured total fine particle concentration is unidentified by the chemical measurements. Estimates of water associated with inorganic components and measurement imprecision do not totally explain the observed difference between gravimetric and chemical measurements. We examine the theoretical and empirical basis for assumptions commonly made in the published literature to extrapolate total fine particle concentration on the basis of chemical measurements of ions, carbon and elements.We then explore the more general question of closure using the SEAVS data as well as data from other, similar studies reported in the literature. In so combining the SEAVS measurements with other similar studies, we find a strong association between organic carbon and the unidentified component, that is, the fraction of the total fine particle concentration not identified by chemical measurements. We offer several tenable hypotheses for the relationship between the organic and unidentified components that deserve to be tested in future work. Specifically, we hypothesize that (1) errors in the sampling and analysis of organic carbon; (2) estimates of organic mass from measurements Andrews et al.

show abstract

Section: Mass Closure and Contributions To Finementioning

confidence: 63%

Concentration and Composition of Atmospheric Aerosols from the 1995 SEAVS Experiment and a Review of the Closure between Chemical and Gravimetric Measurements

Andrews

Saxena

Musarra

et al. 2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

136

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…After being separated, the particles of each size class (respirable and coarse) were captured on quartz fiber filters for human cell assays and analyses of organic compounds. Concurrent samples of airborne particles were also collected with a low-volume (lowvol) sampler (19,40). Particles larger than ∼2 µm were removed with a cyclone separator (41), while the remaining respirable particles were captured (flow <10 L/min) on quartz filters for analysis of elemental and organic carbon and on Teflon filters for measurement of particle mass and trace elements.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Human Cell Mutagenicity of Respirable Airborne Particles in the Northeastern United States

Pedersen

Durant

Penman

et al. 1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Samples of respirable airborne particles (similar in size to PM 2.5 ) were collected at five sites in the northeastern United States every sixth day during 1995 and tested in a mutagenicity assay based on human cells. Three sites were located in Massachusetts: in downtown Boston, in a suburban area 20 km to the north, and in a rural area 100 km west of Boston. The other two sites were located in downtown Rochester in upstate New York and in a rural area 35 km to the west. Bimonthly composite samples (10-11 sampling days per composite) were extracted in organic solvents and tested for mutagenicity at the thymidine kinase locus in h1A1v2 cells, a line of human B-lymphoblasts that constitutively expresses P450 CYP1A1 cDNA. Mutagenicity levels were significantly higher in winter than in summer at all sites, both per microgram of airborne particulate organic carbon (OC) and per cubic meter of air. Mutagenicity per microgram of OC was significantly inversely correlated with air temperature (r ) -0.95 in NY, r ) -0.40 in MA) and ambient concentrations of OC (r ) -0.4). Annual averages of mutagenicity per microgram of OC in upstate New York were roughly 2-fold higher than in Massachusetts; however, no clear intrastate spatial variations were evident. Mutagenicity per cubic meter of air showed an increase of roughly 1.5-2-fold from rural areas to urban centers within each state. This increase was influenced by higher OC concentrations in the urban locations (up to 2-fold) but not by higher mutagenicity per microgram of OC. These results indicate that cold weather is significantly correlated with the human cell mutagenicity of respirable particles in the northeastern United States and further show that populations of urban centers in this region are exposed to higher levels of airborne human cell mutagens than in nearby rural areas.

show abstract

“…Model-based approach has to establish a mathematical model about monitor system , associating the model with physical processes.This method makes the use of advanced algorithm to estimate model parameters,getting the residuals between model parameter estimation and health model parameters as health diagnostic scalar [3,4] .Data-driven health estimation method is a method of data mining or machine learning.The data is collected in accordance with a certain period during the data-driven forecasting process, calculating the associated health feature from the raw data by different feature extraction. Data-driven approach bases on the advanced integration policies in order to combine the operating mode information with the output of classifier,producing a fusion of health status assessment [5,6] .…”

Section: Related Research and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Open-air Unmovable Cultural Relics Health Trend Prediction

Zhang¹,

Wang²,

Wang³

et al. 2016

Proceedings of the 2016 International Forum on Management, Education and Information Technology Application

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Perennially suffering weathering erosion and man-made damage,open-air unmovable cultural relics' preservation environment is very serious.By taking China Tang Shunling as research object and adopting grey model theory,because of the relic monitoring data with the characteristics of small sample and s-type,the paper builds the GM(1,1) model and the Verhulst model in analysing and predicting the development trend of cultural relic's cracks. Experimental results show that the average relative errors of forecast are 6.23% and 2.36% respectively, which provide a basis for the relic health quantitative analysis and research.Finally, the cultural relic health management platform is designed and implemented by JSP and SQL Server, which realizes the health monitoring data collection, pre-processing and forecasting of the cultural relic health.

show abstract

Airborne Pollutants in the Buddhist Cave Temples at the Yungang Grottoes, China

Cited by 25 publications

References 17 publications

Concentration and Composition of Atmospheric Aerosols from the 1995 SEAVS Experiment and a Review of the Closure between Chemical and Gravimetric Measurements

Concentration and Composition of Atmospheric Aerosols from the 1995 SEAVS Experiment and a Review of the Closure between Chemical and Gravimetric Measurements

Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Human Cell Mutagenicity of Respirable Airborne Particles in the Northeastern United States

Open-air Unmovable Cultural Relics Health Trend Prediction

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About