Airborne observations of the surface cloud radiative effect during different seasons over sea ice and open ocean in the Fram Strait

Abstract

Abstract. This study analyzes the surface cloud radiative effect (CRE) obtained during airborne observations of three campaigns in the Arctic north-west of Svalbard. The surface CRE quantifies the potential of clouds to modify the radiative energy budget of the surface and is calculated by combining broadband radiation measurements during low-level flight sections in mostly cloudy conditions with radiative transfer simulations of cloud-free conditions. The significance of surface albedo changes due to the presence of clouds is demonstrated and this effect is considered in the cloud-free simulations. The observations are discussed with respect to differences of the CRE between sea ice and open ocean surfaces, and between the seasonally different campaigns. The results indicate that the CRE depends on both cloud, illumination, surface, and thermodynamic properties. The solar and thermal-infrared (TIR) component of the CRE are analyzed separately and in combination. The inter-campaign differences of the solar CRE are dominated by the seasonal cycle of the solar zenith angle, with the largest cooling effect in summer. The lower surface albedo causes a larger solar cooling effect over open ocean than over sea ice, which amounts to −259 W m−2 (−108 W m−2) and −65 W m−2 (−17 W m−2), respectively, during summer (spring). Independent of campaign and surface type, the TIR CRE is only weakly variable and shows values around 75 W m−2. In total, clouds show a cooling effect over open ocean during all campaigns. In contrast, clouds over sea ice exert a warming effect to the surface, which neutralizes during mid-summer. Given the seasonal cycle of the sea ice distribution, these results imply that clouds in the Fram Strait region cool the surface during the sea ice minimum in late summer, while they warm the surface during the sea ice maximum in spring.

Tethered balloon-borne observations of thermal-infrared irradiance and cooling rate profiles in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer

“…Reducing the uncertainty is of primary interest, as clouds play a crucial role in several feedback mechanisms . In particular, clouds exert a strong control on the Arctic surface radiative energy budget (Intrieri et al, 2002;Becker et al, 2023). Clouds have a cooling impact by reducing the incoming solar radiation and a warming effect by emitting thermal-infrared (TIR) radiation (Shupe and Intrieri, 2004).…”

“…Williams and Igel (2021) and Morrison et al (2008) showed that droplet number concentration (N d ) impacts the optical properties of clouds. The interaction of clouds with surface albedo and temperature has been studied over the Arctic sea ice (Curry and Ebert, 1992;Walsh and Chapman, 1998;Intrieri et al, 2002;Walden et al, 2017;Stapf et al, 2020), open ocean (Wendisch et al, 2023b;Becker et al, 2023), and land (Dong et al, 2010;Miller et al, 2015;Ebell et al, 2020).…”

“…However, these observations become particularly challenging in the harsh Arctic environmental conditions. Nevertheless, in recent years a significant number of data were collected with the help of aircraft (Ehrlich et al, 2019;Wendisch et al, , 2023bBecker et al, 2023), free-flying balloons (Philipona et al, 2020), and tethered balloons (Lawson et al, 2011;Sikand et al, 2013;Dexheimer et al, 2019;Becker et al, 2020;Inoue et al, 2021). In particular, combined measurements of thermodynamic properties (Egerer et al, 2021), broadband irradiances (Lonardi et al, 2022), turbulence (Egerer et al, 2019(Egerer et al, , 2023, and aerosol particle properties (Pilz et al, 2022) were obtained with the tethered balloon-borne system BELUGA (Balloon-bornE moduLar Utility for profilinG the lower Atmosphere; Egerer et al, 2019).…”