Airborne endotoxin in fine particulate matter in Beijing

Guan, Tianjia; Yao, Maosheng; Wang, Junxia; Fang, Yuguang; Hu, Songhe; Wang, Yan; Dutta, Anindita; Yang, Jiashi; Wu, Yusheng; Hu, Min; Zhu, Tong

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.005

Cited by 40 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Many investigators observed that the endotoxin concentrations were higher in summer than in winter, while higher concentrations have been found in winter than in summer in flood‐affected homes of New Orleans . In Beijing, China, high concentrations of endotoxin in ambient PM 2.5 have been reported in spring and winter . In our study conducted from February to July, the endotoxin concentrations in PM 2.5 were high in June and July, compatible with many previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Thus, there is no consensus on the associations of endotoxin concentrations with temperature and humidity. Moderate temperature and relative humidity may be most conducive to the growth of gram‐negative bacteria . The present study showed positive relationships between temperature at the nearest monitoring station and the outdoor endotoxin concentrations in PM 2.5 and PM 10‐2.5 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…Moderate temperature and relative humidity may be most conducive to the growth of gram-negative bacteria. 51,52 The present study showed positive relationships between temperature at the nearest monitoring station and the outdoor endotoxin concentrations in PM 2.5 and PM 10-2.5 . However, in mixed-effects models, the relationships between temperature and indoor endotoxin concentrations in PM 2.5 and PM 10-2.5 were not significant.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

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Airborne endotoxin concentrations in indoor and outdoor particulate matter and their predictors in an urban city

2017

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Endotoxins are an important biological component of particulate matter and have been associated with adverse effects on human health. There have been some recent studies on airborne endotoxin concentrations. We collected fine (PM 2.5 ) and coarse (PM 10-2.5 ) particulate matter twice on weekdays and weekends each for 48 hour, inside and outside 55 homes in an urban city in Japan. Endotoxin concentrations in both fractions were measured using the kinetic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay. The relationships between endotoxin concentrations and household characteristics were evaluated for each fraction. Both indoor and outdoor endotoxin concentrations were higher in PM 2.5 than in PM 10-2.5 . In both PM 2.5 and PM 10-2.5 , indoor endotoxin concentrations were higher than outdoor concentrations, and the indoor endotoxin concentrations significantly correlated with outdoor concentrations in each fraction (R 2 =0.458 and 0.198, respectively). Indoor endotoxin concentrations in PM 2.5 were significantly higher in homes with tatami or carpet flooring and in homes with pets, and lower in homes that used air purifiers. Indoor endotoxin concentrations in PM 10-2.5 were significantly higher in homes with two or more children and homes with tatami or carpet flooring. These results showed that the indoor endotoxin concentrations were associated with the household characteristics in addition to outdoor endotoxin concentrations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

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Airborne endotoxin concentrations in indoor and outdoor particulate matter and their predictors in an urban city

2017

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“…Here, the PM 2.5 samples collected from Beijing certainly contain a large amount of endotoxin. A previous study shows that the geometric means for endotoxin in PM were 10.25 EU mg -1 PM 2.5 (range: 0.38-1627.29) in Beijing (Guan et al, 2014). Direct injection of PM 2.5 samples into the rat's blood circulation also introduced the PM 2.5 -bound endotoxin into the blood.…”

Section: Oxidative Damage and Inflammatory Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

PM2.5 Meets Blood: In vivo Damages and Immune Defense

Zhang

Kang

Chen

et al. 2018

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Recent evidence shows that inhaled PM 2.5 can enter the blood circulatory system and even the brain. However, the damage of blood-borne PM 2.5 is not clearly elucidated. This work aims to understand and characterize the toxicity, i.e., the acute health effects, of PM 2.5 that is directly injected into the blood circulatory system. Rats were injected with different dosages (568, the equivalent of 1 year of inhalation for a rat; 93; and 9.3 µg) of PM 2.5 sampled from Beijing via a sterile catheter injected into the jugular vein. The behaviors of the rats upon external interruptions were recorded. Blood samples were collected before exposure and 1 h, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, and 9 days after the PM 2.5 injection for analyzing serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), endotoxin, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. After euthanization, the heart, lung, liver, kidney, and spleen were taken and processed for histopathological analysis. PM 2.5 components were also analyzed. Acute inflammation with 102% and 90% increases for IL-6 and CRP, respectively, was observed 1 h after the 568 µg-PM 2.5 injection, while oxidative DNA damage occurred only five or more days later, which was accompanied by significantly elevated endotoxin levels. Hemorrhage of lung alveoli and behavioral changes, including fear and non-responsiveness, were also observed. Surprisingly, all exposed rats seemingly survived the PM 2.5 injection, behaving similarly to the control groups. The immune defense might have played an important role in combating the PM 2.5 injection. The results showed acute health effects from directly injected PM 2.5 , including rapid inflammation, oxidative damage, and routine-behavioral changes. Further study about the long-term effects of injection and the immune defense is warranted. Nonetheless, the results here suggest that PM 2.5 health effects may have to some extent been exaggerated in the literature.

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“…71,72 This research includes improving our mechanistic understanding of chemical interactions at the atmosphere− biosphere interface, including the effects of biological particles. 73,74 Epidemiologic studies, which are currently limited by the availability of exposure estimates and rely heavily on pollutants that are measured widely and routinely, should consider other air pollutants suspected to be important for health, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, reactive oxygen species, and other chemical components of PM. Particle size is likely also important for health, suggesting the importance of measures such as ultrafine PM and particle number concentrations.…”

Section: ■ Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“What We Breathe Impacts Our Health: Improving Understanding of the Link between Air Pollution and Health”

West

Cohen

Dentener

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

Self Cite

314

180

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Air pollution contributes to the premature deaths of millions of people each year around the world, and air quality problems are growing in many developing nations. While past policy efforts have succeeded in reducing particulate matter and trace gases in North America and Europe, adverse health effects are found at even these lower levels of air pollution. Future policy actions will benefit from improved understanding of the interactions and health effects of different chemical species and source categories. Achieving this new understanding requires air pollution scientists and engineers to work increasingly closely with health scientists. In particular, research is needed to better understand the chemical and physical properties of complex air pollutant mixtures, and to use new observations provided by satellites, advanced in situ measurement techniques, and distributed micro monitoring networks, coupled with models, to better characterize air pollution exposure for epidemiological and toxicological research, and to better quantify the effects of specific source sectors and mitigation strategies.

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Airborne endotoxin in fine particulate matter in Beijing

Cited by 40 publications

References 69 publications

Airborne endotoxin concentrations in indoor and outdoor particulate matter and their predictors in an urban city

Airborne endotoxin concentrations in indoor and outdoor particulate matter and their predictors in an urban city

PM2.5 Meets Blood: In vivo Damages and Immune Defense

“What We Breathe Impacts Our Health: Improving Understanding of the Link between Air Pollution and Health”

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